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WBC- normal adult values
5,000-10,000/mm^3
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Iron level- normal adult values
60-90 g/100mL
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neutrophils
(aka granulocytes) 55-70% of total WBC count. Increased in acute pus forming infection, decreased in overwhelming bacterial infection (older adult)
- Growth of a stem cell into a mature neutrophil is 12-14 days.
- Life span is 12-18 hours.
- Can only take part in one episode of phagocytosis.
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lymphocytes
20-40%. Increased in chronic bacterial and viral infection, decreased in sepsis
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monocytes
(aka macrophages) 5-10% of total WBC count. Increased in protozoan, rickettsial, and tuberculosis infections. Fixed or non fixed. Limited activity until mature.
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eosinophils
- 1-4% of total WBC count. Increased in parasitic infection.
- Come from myeloid line. # of eosinohils increased during allergic reactions.
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Basophils
0.5-1.5% of total WBC count. Normal during infection. Come from myeloid line. Functions by releasing chemicals including heparin, histamine, serotonin, etc.
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Leukocytes involved in inflammation
- Neutrophil
- Macrophage
- Monocyte
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
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Leukocytes involved in antibody-mediated immunity
- B-lymphocyte
- Plasma Cell
- Memory Cell
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Leukocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity
- Helped/inducer T Cells
- Cytotoxic/cytolytic T Cell
- Natural Killer Cell
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Macrophages
come from the committed myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow. The liver, sleep, and intestinal tract contain a large number of these cells.
Have long life spans and partake in many phagocytic events.
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Seven steps involved in Phagocytosis
- Exposure and Invasion
- Attraction
- Adherence
- Recognition
- Cellular ingestion
- Phagosome formation
- Degradation
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Age related immune changes- Inflammation
- Neutrophil function defective
- absence of leukocytosis
- compromised thermoregulation
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Age related immune changes- antibody mediated immunity
- Diminished capability to produce new antibodies
- decline in natural antibodies
- decreased response to antigens
- decreased antibody response time
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Age related immune changes- cell mediated immunity
- decreased thymus gland function
- decreased number of T lymphocytes
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Stage 1 of Inflammation response
- Vascular part
- Involves changes in blood vessels
- Cause redness and warmth of tissues. The increased bloodflow delivers nutrients to injured tissues.
- Macrophage is major cell in stage 1.
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Stage 2 of inflammation response
- Cellular exudate part of response.
- Neutrophil is most active cell in this stage.
- Arachidonic acid cascade starts.
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Stage 3 of inflammation response
tissue repair and replacement.
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Seven steps needed to produce a specific antibody directed against a specific antigen
- exposure
- antigen recognition
- lymphocyte sensitization
- antibody production and release
- antigen-antibody binding
- antibody binding reactions
- sustained immunity or memory
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self tolerance
ability to recognize own cell's vs. foreign cells
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human leukocyte antigen
- UPC code for individuals
- present on nearly all body cells
- determine tissue type
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'systems' involved in the immune system
GI system, nervous system, endocrine system
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5 cardinal signs of inflammation
warmth, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function.
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cytokines
CMI regulates the immune system by production and activity of cytokines. These are small protein hormones produced by many WBCs.
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