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I. A Military Revolution
- a. War important in European affairs
- i. Military power essential to ruler’s rep and power= needed an effective militaryà military revolution (1560-1660)
- b. Medieval warfare (knights and archers)à Renaissanceà infantry with pikes and halberds arranged in rectangles (squadrons and battalions), adjusted by firearms
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I. A Military Revolution
Adolphus
- a. Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish king) developed first standing army of conscripts, notable for tactical flexibility
- i. Infantry brigades composed of equal numbers of musketeers and pikemen, six men deep
- ii. Used the salvo, in which all rows of infantry fired at once instead of row by row
- 1. Cut up massed ranks of opposing infantry and followed by pike charge, giving infantry offensive deployment
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I. A Military Revolution
Cavalry Improvements``
- i. Cavalry more mobile
- 1. After shooting pistol volley, they charged with swords
- ii. Lighter artillery pieces more easily moved
- iii. All changes required coordination, careful training, and better discipline, forcing rulers to move away from undisciplined mercenaries
- iv. He was imitated
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I. A Military Revolution
Warfare Change
- a. 17th century: warfare change
- i. Standing armies more expensive and larger with better disciplined and better-trained soldiers educated in military schools
- ii. Armies introduced use of linear rather than square formations to provide greater flexibility and mobility in tactics
- 1. Increased use of firearms as musket with attached bayonet which replaced pike in ranks of the infantry
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I. A Military Revolution
Naval Arms Race
- i. Naval arms raceà bigger warships or capital ships (ships of the line) with two or three decks carrying fifty-100 heavy cannons
- ii. Larger armies maintained through heavier taxes, making war economically burdening and more important
- 1. Creation of a large bureaucracy to supervise military resources of state led to growth in power of state governments
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