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1 rad =
(rad is ABSORBED dose)
- 0.01 Gy
- (also stated as 1 Gy = 100 rad)
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1 rem =
(rem is dose EQUIVALENT)
- 0.01 Sv
- (also stated as 1 Sv = 100 rem)
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What are the 4 assumptions of the Bohr atom model?
- 1. electrons around the nucleus exist in certain energy states(orbits)
- 2. electrons do NOT lose energy in their own orbits
- 3.when electrons move to a lower energy orbit they emit radiation. Lost energy is seen as the atomic spectra.
- 4. in any orbit the momentum of the electron can only have fixed values and are given an integer multiple of a fundamental constant (Planck's constant[h]) p.280, #4
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What are the 4 forces responsible for the interaction between different particles?
- (In order greatest to least)
- strong force
- electromagnetic(EM)
- weak force
- gravity
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What is absorbed dose?
radiation x energy absorbed by a medium
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What does amu stand for?
- atomic mass unit
- (mass of an atom of Carbon-12 is exactly 12.00 amu)
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What is an Atom?
smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element
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What is direct proportionality?
as one ration increases the other ratio increases or vise versa
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What is an electrical charge?
- fundamental property(character) of subatomic particles, it determines the strength of their EM interaction.
- note: the MASS of a particle determines the strength of their gravitational interaction.
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What is electron volt(eV)?
special "derived" unit for radiation energies
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What is the formula for the number of electrons allowed in any shell of an atom?
- 2n2, n = shell number(K=1,L=2,M=3 and so on)
- note: the energy of a shell increases with the increase of the value of n(the more e the more energy)
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What is gravity force?
force responsible for interaction between particles with nonzero mass and has an infinite range
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Gray can be expressed in units of?
joule/kilogram(J/kg)
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What is Gray(Gy)?
- radiation ABSORBED dose
- (it replaced the outdated unit of rad)
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What is GROUND STATE of an atom?
lowest possible energy state of an atom, n= 1
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Hadrons are?
protons and neutrons
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What is inverse proportionality?
as one factor increases the other factor decreases and vice versa
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joule(J) =
(J) is the accepted metric(SI) unit of energy
- 1 kgm2/s2
- (1 kilogram-meter2 per second2)
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keV =
(kiloelectron volt)
103 eV
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What are leptons?
electrons
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What is linear interpolation?
process of calculating unkown values from known values
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A becquerel(Bq) =
1 dcps(disintegration per second)
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MeV =
(megaelectron volt)
10 eV
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note:
a neutron has no charge
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note: from gray box p.280
as the atomic number of an atom increases the number of electrons increases(keeps atom neutrally charged)
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What is the number of electrons allowed in any outer shell?
8
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What is proportion?
when two ratios are equal or an equation relating two ratios
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What is radiation?
transmitted energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
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What is a ratio?
comparison of two numbers, values or terms
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What is Roentgen(r) measurement used for?
amount of radiation exposure in the AIR
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What are the 2 rules by which electrons fill an atom's shell?
- 1. no shell can contain more than its max number of electrons
- 2. the outermost shell can only hold 8 electrons
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What does SAD stand for?
source to axis distance
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What does SI stand for?
international system of units
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What does SSD stand for?
source to skin distance
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What is a strong force?
short ranged force responsible for interaction between neutron and proton and other particles in the hadrons family
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What are subatomic particles?
neutrons, protons and electrons
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What are the 4 fundamental units in the metric system?
- second(time)
- meter(distance)
- kilogram(mass)
- ampere(electrical current)
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What is weak force?
- short ranged force responsible for interaction between elementary particles(neutrinos and antineutrinos)
- responsible for radioactive decay(beta decay)
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Who was Becquerel?
He discovered redioactivity with Marie Curie.
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Who was Madam Marie Curie?
She is known for discovering Radium and Polonium. She coined the word "radioactivity".
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Who was Roentgen?
He discovered X rays.
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Electron's binding energy
the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
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valence electrons
electrons in the outermost shell of the atom
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excited state (of an electron)
state in which an atom picks up outside energy, causing an electron to move into a higher-energy orbital
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excitation
when energy is imparted to an electron it becomes excited, the atom will then reach an unstable state
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ionization
when an electron is removed from an atom
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characteristic x-rays
excess energy(photons) released from an atom when an electron from a higher energy orbit fills the empty space of an ionized electron
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Auger electron
outer electron that is knocked out of an atom
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strong nuclear force
force that tightly binds protons and neutrons of a nucleus
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atomic number
number of protons in a nucleus
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atom mass number
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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nucleon
proton and neutron together
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nuclear force
- holds protons together in the nucleus by overcoming electrostatic force
- (protons in the nucleus are all positive and would naturally repel each other
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nuclear binding energy
total amount of energy that it takes to hold a nucleus together
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ground state
minimum amount of energy needed to keep nucleons together
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radioactivity
emission of energy from nucleus
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In relationship to the atom, Z =
atomic number, # of protons
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In relationship to the atom, A =
atomic mass number, nucleon(protons & neutrons together)
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In relationship to the atom, N =
neutron number
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Isotope
Z, atomic number(protons) stay the same
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Isobar
A, mass number(protons and neutrons) stay the same
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Isotone
N, neutron number, stays the same
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Isomer
everything stays the same(Z,A and N)
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photon
packet of energy traveling through space at the speed of light(in a vacuum)
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the speed of light =
3 x 10⁸ m/sec
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electromagnetic wave
waves that consist of anelectrical field and magnetic field traveling through space at right angles to each other
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nu (ν) =
frequency of a EM wave
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lambda(λ) =
wavelength of a EM wave
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velocity(c) =
speed of a EM wave(constant) which is the speed of light in a vacuum
c=vλ
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note:
a photon has no mas
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wave-particle duality
when photons exhibit the characteristics of a particle at times and a wave at times
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rest mass
mass (weight) of a particle when it is not moving
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