BIO chapter 3

• Inoculation
• INcubation
• Isolation
• INspection
• Identification

adding small sample (the inoculum) into a container of medium

the separation of different microbes from each other

visible masses of cells

if colony is from a single cell. they will all be genetically identical (aSlo called axenic)

when the sample is kept betweeen 20 - 40 degree celsius

has two or more identified species

have unwanted microorganisms of uncertain identity

• streak plate technique
• spread plate technique
• pour plate technique

bacteria are diluted on a solid surface using inoculating loop to isolate colonies

• dilutions performed beforehand in liquid broth
• small volume is spread out on surface using hockey stick
• cells present are separated from each other

• cultures are diltued before hand in liquid agar
• poured into plates
• colonies form in and on the agar

what substances are displayed in

• physical state
• chemical comp
• functional type

• liquid 
• solid (agar)
• semisolid
• reversible

chemical comp is precisely known (synthetic)

• one or more components is not chemically definable (nonsynthetic)
• 5% yeast extract

to grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible

trypticase soy agar

contain growth factors to support the growth of fastidious bacteria ie blood agar, chocolate agar

lets some grow but not others

allow many microbes to grow but display visible differences (usually colors)

using appearance as well as metabolism and sometimes genetic analysis or immunologic testing to identify the organisms in a culture.

the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another (resolving power)

is how well the lens gathers light

improves resolution, shorter wavelengths and lower resolving power than without oil

contrast

• the most universal diagnostic staining technique
• differentiate microbes as gram positive or gram negative

smaller wavelengths = sharper image

• immersion oil reduces refraction of light
• more light is gathered
• resolution improved - shorter wavelengths and lower resolving power than without oil.

increases contrast and sometimes increases size

• gram positive = purple
• gra negative = red

• dark objects are visible against light background
• light reflected off the specimen doesn't enter the objective lens

• light objects are visible on a dark background
• light reflected off the specimen enters the objective lens

• uses uv light
• fluorescents substance absorbs UV light and emits visible light.
• cells are stained with fuorescent dyes

• uses fluorochromes (fluorescent dyes) an a lasar light
• the laser illuminates each plan in a specimen to produce a 3-D image

the shorter the wave length the better (provied better resolution)

uses one dye

distinguishes between gram + and gram -