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avg life of a rbc?
120 days
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aplastic anemia? causes?
- reduced activity of bone marrow
- due to toxins, radiation, immune responses
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anemia of CRF?
kidneys not producing erythropoietin.
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anemia r/t b12 or folate defeciency
no folate > disruption of DNA synthesis in bone marrow
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pernicious anemia?
- deficiency of intrinsic factor.
- decreased IF leads to decreased B12. (no absorption)
- intrinsic factor made by stomach lining cells
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function of intrinsic factor?
- helps with absorption of vitamin B12.
- secreted by stomach lining cells
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iron defiency anemia
- most commonly due to GI bleeds or menorrhea in adults
- children - diet
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types of inherited RBC disorders?
- thalassemia
- sickle cell anemia
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thalassemia?
- inherited RBC disorder
- defect in hemoglobin molecules
- either alpha or beta.
- alpha - Asians
- beta - Mediterranean
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sickle cell anemia
- blacks.
- affects hemoglobin chain
- causes RBCs to "sickle", hypoxia
- chronic pain.
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heriditary spherocytosis?
- defective RBC membranes.
- causes anemia, gallstones, jaundice, etc
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how much blood loss can a healthy person tolerate?
- 10% blood loss (0.5 L)
- > 10% causes symptoms of anemia
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where are clotting factors produced?
liver
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types/causes of hemolytic anemia?
- ABO or Rh incompatibility
- drug exposure
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overproduction of RBCs, WBCs, platelets. symptoms of HA, fatigue, itching, dizzy, sweaty, weight loss, dyspnea. HTN, possible thrombi, mucosal hemmorrhage
polycythemia vera
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causes of secondary polycythemia?
tissue hypoxia due to high altitude or lung disease
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relative polycythemia?
- fluid loss or dec. intake.
- dehydration
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vascular purpura?
pinpoint petechiae on skin
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telangiectasia
heriditary. abnormal vascular development leads to bleeding in skin or mucous membranes
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vitamin K deficiency
- infancy or acquired.
- deficient in clotting factors II, VII, IX, X.
- excess bleeding
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hemophilia
- X-linked recessive inheritance
- A: VIII
- B: IX
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Von Willebrand disease
- deficiency of clotting factor VIII
- platelet dysfunction
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disseminated intravascular coagulation
- syndrome in which clot and bleeding occur simultaneously
- vessel damage, malignancy, venoms, shock
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#1 cause of coronary heart disease?
atherosclerosis
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most heart attacks occur where?
left ventricular wall
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which area of heart requires most oxygen?
left ventricle
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whats CABG?
- coronary artery bypass graft.
- new conduit to bypass occlusion
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stable angina?
- intermittent chest pain.
- brought on by exertion, relieved by rest
- no permanent damage
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MI
- severe ischemia
- unrelieved chest pain, N/V, diaphoresis, SOB
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what protein markers are elevated after an MI?
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what are some compensatory mechanisms after a drop in cardiac output?
- sympathetic NS
- increased HR
- increased contractility
- increased BP
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mitral stenosis?
- valve doesn't open all the way.
- less blood flows from LA > LV
- less available to pump through body
- backup of blood into atrium, pulm veins, pulm circulation
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mitral regurgitation (insufficiency)
"incompetent" mitral valve
- valve doesn't close all the way.
- body gets less blood flow, oxygen
- blood backs up into LA (due to open valve)
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infective endocarditis
- invasion of endocardium by bacteria
- bacterial mass is called vegetationvegetation may predispose to emboli
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difference between 2 types of valve diseases?
- failure to open: increased pressure work.
- failure to close: extra volume work due to backflow
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dilated cardiomyopathy?
- dilation of ventricles
- impaired contraction.
- cardiac failure
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickened, enlarged ventricle (L or R)
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restrictive cardiomyopathy
- restricted filling room in ventricles.
- atria usually normal
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pericardial effusion
accumulation of fluid in pericardium
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cardiac tamponade
- pericardial effusion so severe that the pressure restricts filling of ventricles
- hypotension, decreased heart sounds, dilated neck veins
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