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Arrhenius acids
- acid is a chemical compound which dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+)
- corrosive
- sour taste (vinegar (acetic acid), lemon juice (citric acid))
- good conductor of electricity
- reacts with many metals (Mg, Zn, K, Na...) to produce hydrogen gas
- reacts with carbonates to produce CO2 gas
- makes Litmus paper become red
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Arrhenius bases
- base is a chemical compound which dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-)
- has a soapy/slimy feeling
- very corrosive, or caustic (they can burn)
- has a bitter taste
- good conductor of electricity
- reacts with a acids
- does not react with metals to form hydrogen
- makes red litmus paper turn blue
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strong vs weak acids/bases
- Strong acids and bases will ionize completely in a solution. > 99.9%
- Since acetic acid is a weak acid, it will dissociate very little. < 1.0%
- poor electricity conductor.
- small Ka = weak acid etc
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Brønsted-Lowry acids/bases
- Acids can be defined as being proton donors
- Bases are proton recipients
- conjugate base pairs
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lewis acids/bases
- A Lewis acid is defined as an electron-pair acceptor.
- A Lewis base is an electron-pair donor.
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pH scale (power of hydrogen)
- not based on the exponent (logarithmic) and thus a drop in pH from 4 to 2
- is 10x10 =100 x, 2 pH levels
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Buffers
- solution that resists changes in pH and maintains pH levels by taking up or releasing hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions in a solution.
- made with a weak acid and a soluble salt containing the conjugate base of the weak acid or a weak base and a soluble salt containing the conjugate acid of the weak base.
- undergoes little change in pH when small quantities of strong acid or base
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closed system
- sealed container
- can exchange energy (heat) but not mass with its surroundings
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reversible reaction
reactants form products that, in turn, react together to give the reactants back.
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