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NCLB (no child left behind)
requires that all students take annual standardized achievement test in reading and mathematics. The test scores judge school to determine if their students are making adequate yearly progress toward becoming proficient in these subjects.
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participation observation
the researcher becomes a participant in the situation in order to better understand life in that group
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ethnography
focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved
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descriptive studies
studies that collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods
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differentiated instruction
on way of going above and beyond accommodating these learner differences to seeing diversity as an array of strengths in which to build
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reflective
thoughtful and inventive; think back over situations to analyze what you did and why, and consider how you might improve
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case studies
intensive study of one person or situation
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correlation
a number that indicates both the strength and the direction of a relationship between two events or measurements
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positive correlation
indicates that the two factors increase or decrease together
ie. calorie intake + weight gain
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negative correlation
increases in one factor are related to decreases in the other
ie. cost of tickets + position from stage
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experiementation
research method in which variable are manipulated and the effects recorded
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participants/subjects
people or animals studied
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random
each participant has an equal chance of being in any group
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quasi-experimental studies
meet most of the criteria for true experiments with the important exception that the participants are not assigned to groups at random
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statistically significant
not likely to be a chance occurance
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single-subject experiment designs
the goal is to determine the effects of therapy, teaching method or other intervention
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micro-genetic studies
the goal is to intensively study cognitive processes in the midst of change
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longitudinal studies
study the development by observing their subjects over many years as changes occur
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cross-sectional
focusing on groups of children at different ages
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principle
established relationship between factors
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theory
interrelated set of concepts that is used to explain a body of data and to make predictions about the results of future experiments
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hypothesis
a prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research
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development
certain changes that occur in human beings (or animals) between conception and death and remain for a reasonably long time
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physical development
changes in the body
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personal development
changes in an individual's personality
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social development
changes in the way an individual relates to others
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cognitive development
changes in thinking, reasoning, and decision making
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maturation
changes that occur naturally and spontaneously and that are genetically programed
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nature
heredity, genes, biology, maturation, etc.
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nuture
education, parenting, culture, social policies
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coactions
joint actions of individual biology and environment - each shapes and influences the other
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continuous (quantitative) change
progress is steady
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discontinuous (qualitative) change
there are level periods
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critical periods
periods during which certain abilities need to develop
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sensitive periods
times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences
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neurons
nerve cells that store and transfer information "gray matter"
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cerebral cortex
responsible for complex problem solving and language - last part of the brain to develop
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lateratization
specialization of the two hemispheres in the brain
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plasticity
the brains tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible
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biological maturation
the unfolding of the biological changes that are genetically programmed
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activity
ability to act on the environment and learn from it
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social transmission
learning from others
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organization
the combining, arranging, recombining and rearranging of behaviors and thoughts into coherent systems
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schemes
basic building blocks of thinking - mental systems or categories of perceptions and experience
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adaptation
adjusting to the environment
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assimilation
fitting new information into existing schemes
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accomodation
altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information
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equilibration
the act of finding balance
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sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
earliest period involving the senses and motor activity
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object permanence
the understanding that objects exist in the environment whether they perceive them or not
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goal-directed actions
deliberate actions to a goal
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