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lifespan development
the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
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cognitive development
development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
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physical development
development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
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social/emotional development
the way in which individuals' interaction with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
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social construction
a shared notion of reality
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age-graded influences
biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group
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history-graded influences
biological environmental influences associated with a particular historical movement
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sociocultural-graded influences
the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual
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non-normative life events
specific, atypical events that occur in a person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people
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discontinuous change
development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages
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continuous change
gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
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critical period
a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally
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sensitivity period
a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
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nature
refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents
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nurture
- refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior
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maturation
the predetermined unfolding of genetic info
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longitudinal research
research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age
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Theoretical perspectives (6)
- psychodynamic
- behavioral
- cognitive
- humanistic
- contextual
- evolutionary
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psychodynamic perspective
- Sigmund Freud
- The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control
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cross-sectional research
research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
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sequential research
research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time
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sperm
male reproductive cell
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zygote
the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
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gene
the basic units of genetic information
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ovum
female reproductive cell
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gametes
male and female reproductive cells
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monozygotic twins
twins who are genetically identical
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dizygotic twins
twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
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spontaneous mutation
when genes spontaneously change their form
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amniocentesis
- a small sample of fetal cells is drawn by a tiny needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
- Identifies a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100% accuracy
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ultrasound sonography
high frequency sound waves used on a mothers womb to identify the sex of a child, developmental patterns, and sometimes abnormalities
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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
used in the 10-13th week of pregnancy if blood tests and ultrasound have identified a potential problem or if there is family history of problems. Inserts a thin needle into the fetus and taking small samples of hair-like material that surrounds the embryo.
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genotype
the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
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phenotype
an observable trait; the trait that is actually seen
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temperament
patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
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infertility
the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant
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teratogen
an environmental agent that produces a birth defect
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fetal alcohol syndrome
a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child
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episiotomy
an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to a pass
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anoxia
a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, that can produce brain damage
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reflexes
unlearned organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
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lanugo
fine fuzz covering a newborns body which soon disappears
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vernix
greasy substance that converse a newborn to smooth the passage through the birth canal
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stillbirth
the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in less than one delivery in 100
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states of arousal
different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation
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Cultural Factors and Developmental Diversity:
Broad Factors?
Finer Differences?
1. Orientation toward individualism and collectivism
2. Ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, gender
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Five personality traits
- Neuroticism
- Extroversion
- Contentiousness
- Openness
- Agreeableness
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Stages of fetal development
- 1. zygote: beginning- 2 weeks
- 2. Embreyo: 2-8 weeks (3 layers) (major organs)
- 3. Fetal: 8 weeks- birth (everything develops)
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Labor stages
- 1st- contractions (expands 10 cm)
- 2nd- pushing (norm = 90 minutes)
- 3rd- umbilical cord (placenta)
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Transverse
head up, face up
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Low birth weight
5 1/2 lbs or less
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Polycesticoveriah syndrom
Number one problem why women can not pass egg; causes infertility
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Senses at birth
- visual not fully developed
- sense brightness
- passes some sense of size
- distinguish colors
- hearing capable but acuity not completely mature
- react to different sounds
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