Human Development Exam 1 Ch. 1-3

the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span

development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior

development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep

the way in which individuals' interaction with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

a shared notion of reality

biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group

biological environmental influences associated with a particular historical movement

the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual

specific, atypical events that occur in a person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people

development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages

gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels

a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences 

refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents

• refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior
• (biological pregnant mother addiction to cocaine, amount of food available to child)

the predetermined unfolding of genetic info

research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age

• psychodynamic 
• behavioral
• cognitive
• humanistic 
• contextual
• evolutionary

• Sigmund Freud
• The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control

research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time

male reproductive cell

the new cell formed by the process of fertilization 

the basic units of genetic information

female reproductive cell

male and female reproductive cells

twins who are genetically identical 

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

when genes spontaneously change their form

• a small sample of fetal cells is drawn by a tiny needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
• Identifies a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100% accuracy 

high frequency sound waves used on a mothers womb to identify the sex of a child, developmental patterns, and sometimes abnormalities

used in the 10-13th week of pregnancy if blood tests and ultrasound have identified a potential problem or if there is family history of problems. Inserts a thin needle into the fetus and taking small samples of hair-like material that surrounds the embryo. 

the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism

an observable trait; the trait that is actually seen

patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual

the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant

an environmental agent that produces a birth defect

a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child

an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to a pass

a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, that can produce brain damage

unlearned organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

fine fuzz covering a newborns body which soon disappears 

greasy substance that converse a newborn to smooth the passage through the birth canal 

the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in less than one delivery in 100

different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation

1. Orientation toward individualism and collectivism

2. Ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, gender

• Neuroticism
• Extroversion
• Contentiousness
• Openness 
• Agreeableness

• 1. zygote: beginning- 2 weeks
• 2. Embreyo: 2-8 weeks (3 layers) (major organs)
• 3. Fetal: 8 weeks- birth (everything develops)

• 1st- contractions (expands 10 cm)
• 2nd- pushing (norm = 90 minutes)
• 3rd- umbilical cord (placenta)

feet 1st

head up, face up

before 38 weeks

5 1/2 lbs or less

Number one problem why women can not pass egg; causes infertility 

• visual not fully developed
• sense brightness
• passes some sense of size
• distinguish colors
• hearing capable but acuity not completely mature
• react to different sounds