Physiology and Anatomy of Domestic Animals

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Nucleus

-Phospholipids arranged with their polar(hydrophilic heads) facing the protein layer and their non-polar (hydrophobic tails) facing eachother.

Active and passive

Distribution of a substance in a solvent so that it gets equally concentrated

Down a concentration gradient

Down a concentration gradient but requires a carrier protein (transmembrane protein)

• -Movement of water across semi-permeable membranes
• -From low to high solute concentration

• -Solution has the same osmotic pressure.
• -Ex: 0.9% NaCl

• -Solution has lower osmotic pressure
• -Less conc. than saline
• -Creates hemolysis (swell) of the cell

• -Solution has higher osmotic pressure
• -causes crenation (shrivel) of the cell

• -Low to high concentration
• -ATP required- Hydrolyzed by ATPase activity of the carrier
• -Phosphorylation of carrier causes change in shape and movement of molecule
•   -Changes transmembrane protein

NA-K ATPase pump

• -Cytosol (liquid component)
• -Organelles
• -Cytoskeleton (filaments/microtubules)

• -Endoplasmic Reticulum
• -Mitochondria
• -Ribosomes
• -Lysosomes

• -Found in muscle cell to store calcium
• -Found in endocrine grands and muscle cells

• -Protein Synthesis
• -Covered in ribosomes

• -Powerhouse of the cell
• -Muscle cells has abundance 

• -Membrane-bond vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes
• -Originate from ER and Golgi
• -Many in WBC...none in RBC
• -Capable of fusing with intracellular organelles