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psychology
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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method used
scientific method
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father of psychology
Wikhelm Wundt
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scientific method
- 1. observe and theorize
- 2.formulate hypothesis
- 3.design a study
- 4.collect and analyze data
- 5.apply results to hypothesis
- (back)
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pieces of psychology method
- 1.describe
- 2.explain
- 3.predict
- 4.influence
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schools of thought in psychology
- behaviorism
- psychoanalysis
- humanistic psychology
- cognitive psychology
- evolutionary psychology
- biological (physiological) psychology
- socio-cultural psychology
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behaviorism
environment shapes and controls behavior
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psychoanalysis
unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences determine behavior and thought
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humanistic psychology
- individual's subjective experience is key to understanding behavior
- human uniqueness, based in capacity for choice, growth and and psychological health
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cognitive psychology
- mental process underlie behavior
- product of two steams of thought (gestalt psychology & info-processing psychology)
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evolutionary
human behaviors are required for survival and have adapted in the face of environmental pressures over the course of evolution
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biological (physiological) psychology
biological processes structures and heredity explain behavior
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sociocultural approach
social and cultural influences on behavior
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psychological perspectives
points of view used for explaining people's behavior and thinking, wether normal or abnormal
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eclecticism
choosing a combination of approaches to explain behavior
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critical thinking cogs
- independent thinking
- suspension of judgement
- willingness to modify or abandon prior judgemente
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types of research?
- Naturalistic and laboratory observations
- case study
- survey research
- cor-relational method
- experimental method
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naturalistic observations advantages
behavior studied in everyday natural setting
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naturalistic observation disadvantage
- little or no control over condition
- observer vias
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laboratory observation advantages
- allows researcher more control
- use of precise equipment to measure responses
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laboratory observation disadvantages
observations may not generalize
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case study advantages
- great source of information about unusual conditions or events
- can provide info that leads to testing hypotheses
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case study disadvantages
- lack of generalization (not the same for everyone)
- doesn't establish cause of behavior
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survey study
- most popular
- interviews used to gather info about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors
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survey study advantages
- can provide info about a large group of people
- can track changes in attitudes and behaviors over time
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survey study disavantages
- responses may be inaccurate
- sample may not be representative
- interviewer's characteristics may influence responses
- can be costly and time consuming
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cor-relational method
used to determine relationship (cor-relation) between two events, characteristics, or behaviors [ex. hrs of tv and aggressiveness]
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cor-relational method advantages
- can assess strength of relationship between variables
- can be done quickly
- provides basis for prediction
- can be done when it's not possible to manipulate the situation
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co-relational method
does not demonstrate cause and effect.
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correlation strenght
is measure from -1 to 1
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experimental method
used to test a casual hypothesis between two variables
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experimental method advantages
identification of cause and effect relationships
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experimental method disadvantages
- unnatural setting
- generalizabity
- some experiments are unethical or impossible to do
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independent variable
factor that is manipulated to determine if ti causes a change in another behavior or condition
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experimental group
exposed (one that receives the drug or experiment)
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control group
- used as a point of comparison
- (similar to experimental group, does not receive the drug)
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electroencephalogram
- captures brain activity
- place electrodes on the scalp
- records brain-wave activity of the brain
- can show activity every millisecond on surface of brain
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