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I. Popular Culture
Literature
- a. Refers to written and unwritten literature and the social activities and pursuits that are fundamental to the lives of most people
- i. Distinguishing characteristic is its collective and public nature
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I. Popular Culture
Group Activity
- 1. Group activity evident in festival
- a. Community festivals in Catholic Europe for feat days
- b. Annual festivals for Christmas or Easter
- c. Carnival, the most spectacular form of festival
- 2. Special occasions whne people ate, drank, and celebrated to excess
- a. Time for relaxation and enjoyment because much of year was work
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I. Popular Culture
Carnival
- i. Celebrated in weeks leading up to beginning of Lent
- ii. Time of great indulgence (opposite of Lent)
- 1. Hearty consumption of food and heavy drinking and sex
- 2. Songs with double meanings that were considered offensive allowed to be sung
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I. Popular Culture
Time of Aggression
- i. Time of aggression, to release pent-up feelings
- 1. Verbal aggression, since people could openly insult others and criticize superiors and authorities
- 2. Certain acts of physical violence permiteed
- a. Pelted with apples, eggs, etc.
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I. Popular Culture
Taverns and Alcohol
- i. Chief gathering places of commoners (taverns/ cabarets)
- 1. Talk, play games, conduct business, drink
- a. Favorite drinks of poor, such as gin, were devastating as poor drank themselves into oblivion
- i. Gin= cheap
- 1. England: consumption 2 milà5 mil gallons (1714-1733) and declined with sale restriction laws in 1750s
- b. Rich drank too, but drank port and brandy
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I. Popular Culture
Rich and Poor
- i. Difference in drinking habits between rich and poor= separation between elite and poor
- 1. 1500: popular culture for all ; second culture for elite, it was the only culture for the rest of society
- a. Between 1500-1800, nobles, clergymen, and bourgeouisie abandoned popular culture to lower classes
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I. Popular Culture
Abandonment of nobles
- i. Abandoned popular festivals and popular worldview
- 1. New scientific outlook brought new mental world for upper class and they now viewed things like withcraft and fortune telling as beliefs of of those with weakest judgment and reason
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I. Popular Culture
Literacy and Primary Education
- i. Popular culture included traditional songs an d stories that were passed down from generations
- 1. Not only on oral tradition as popular literature existed
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I. Popular Culture
Chapbooks
- a. Chapbooks on cheap paper= brochures sold by itinerant peddlers to lower classes with spiritual and secular material; lives of saints and inspiration stories competed with satires and adventures
- i. Shows popular culture dind’t have to be oral
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I. Popular Culture
Ability to change
- 1. Ability to change dependent on growth of literacy
- a. Men rates increased from 29 (17th) to 47% (18th) and women (14-27)
- b. Upper class/ upper middle class more literate, but lower middle class artisans increased
- i. 28 (1710)-85%(’89) for men
- ii. Peasants illiterate
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I. Popular Culture
Spread of Literacy
- i. Spread of literacy connected to primary education
- 1. Catholic Europe: primary education matter of local community effort= little real growth
- Only in Habsburg Austrian empire was system of state-supported primary schools—Volkschulen—established
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I. Popular Culture
Emphasis
- i. Emphasis on Protestant reformers on reading the Bible led protestant states to take greater interest in primary education
- 1. Some places, like Swiss cantons, Scotland, and German states of Saxony and Prussia witnessed emergence of universal primary schools that provided a modicum of education for the masses
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I. Popular Culture
Effective systems
- a. Effective systems of primary education hindered by ruling class, who feared consequences of teaching lower classes anything besides hard work and deference to superiors
- i. Hannah More (English writer who set up some Sunday schools) restricted writing for poor and only taught work that’ll suit them for servants
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