BioE 220 Chapter 3

a group of DNA-containing viruses that cause respiratory disease,including one form of the  common cold. Adenoviruses can also be genetically modified and used in gene therapy  to treat cystic fibrosis, cancer, and potentially other diseases.

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene located at the corresponding site (locus) on homologous chromosomes. Different alleles produce variation in inherited characteristics such as hair color  or blood type. In an individual, one form of  the allele (the dominant one) may be  expressed more than another form  (the recessive one).

Similar to hybridize, to bring complementary strands of nucleic acids together

A method used to ascertain whether a particular plasmid has been successfully integrated into the DNA sequence of a bacterial cell

Arranged in an opposite but parallel manner

RNA, with sequence complementary to a specific RNA transcript or mRNA, the binding of which prevents processing of the transcript of translation of the mRNA

The science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computing techniques. Especially important in analyzing genomic research data. 

The use of biological organisms such as plants or microbes to aid in removing hazardous substances from an area

A chemotherapeutic agent that can inhibit protein synthesis by inhibiting the action of topoisomerase

A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissues

A feature that is transmissible from parent to offspring

• The self-replicating genetic structure of cells containing the cellular DNA that bears in its nucleotide sequence the linear array of genes. 
• Prokryotes: chromosomal DNA is circular, and entire genome is carried o one chromosome. 
• Eukaryotic Genomes consist of a number of chromosomes whose DNA is associated with different kinds of proteins

To create an exact copy made of biological material such as a DNA segment, a whole cell, or a complete organism 

DNA molecule originating from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism into which another DNA fragment of appropriate size can be integrated without loss of the vector's capacity for self-replication; vectors introduce foreign DNA into host cells, where the DNA can be reproduced in large quantities. 

Sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis; also called triplet. 64 possible codons, 3 of which are stops, which do not specify amino acids

DNa that is synthesized in the laboratory from a messenger RNA (mRNA) template

Two cells resulting from division of a single parental cell

Alternation in the conformation of a protein or nucleic acid caused by disruption of various non-covalent bonds caused by heating or exposure to certain chemicals; usually results in loss of biological function

Long linear polymer, composed of four kinds of deoxyribose nucleotides, that is the carrier of genetic information. In its native state, DNA is a double helix of two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary purine and pyrimidine bases.

A full set of genetic material consisting of paired chromosomes, one form each parental set. Most animal cells except the gametes have a diploid set of chromosomes. Human genome has 46 chromosomes.

Protein molecules that help to stabilize the single-stranded DNA during DNA replication

an enzyme that links together the 3' end of one DNA strand with the 5' end of another forming a continuous strand

An allele that is almost always expressed, even if only one copy is present

In general use, to put into code; in genetics, to specify the genetic code for

The protein-coding DNA sequence of a gene

A modified plasmid or virus that carries a gene or cDNA into a suitable host cell and there directs synthesis of the encoded protein. Some expression vectors are designed for screening DNA libraries for a gene of interest  others, for producing large amounts of a protein from its cloned gene.

Mature male or female reproductive cell with a haploid set of chromosomes (23)

The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides located in a particular position on a particular chromosome that encodes a specific functional product

The nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules, which carry genetic information in living tissue

The entire sequence that occurs in converting a DNA sequence into a protein

Plant or animal that has been modified using recombinant DNA technology

The study of inheritance patterns of specific traits

A complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism's chromosomes

Entire genetic constitution of an individual cell or organsim

• Sperm and egg cells and their precursors.
• Haploid-- only one set of chromosomes (23)

The addition of carbohydrates to proteins

A single set of chromosome present in the egg and sperm cells of animals. (23 chromosomes)

An enzyme that moves along a DNA duplex using the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to separate (unwind)the two strands; required for the replication and transcription of DNA

The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring

Referring to a diploid cell or organism having two different alleles or a particular gene

A group of proteins packaged with DNA to form chromatin that plays a role in gene regulation

Corresponding or similar in structure (or function)

A phemomenon whereby the presence of multiple alleles in a heterozygote leads to a trait that appears intermediate to the homozygous phenotypes

DNA sequence that interrupts the protein-coding sequence of a gene; an intron is transcribed into RNA but is cut out of the message before it is translated into protein

A photomicrograph of an individuals chromosomes arranged in a standard format showing the number, size, and shape of each chromosome type

Inactivation of specific genes. 

Often created in labs so they can study the knockout organism as a model for a particular disease

The DNA template of a double stranded DNA molecule opposite the leading strand that codes in the direction 5' to 3'

The DNA template of a double-stranded DNA molecule opposite the lagging strand that codes in the direction 3' to 5'

Spherical phospholipid bilayer structure with an aqueous interior that forms in vitro from phospholipids and may contain protein

The specific site of a gene on a chromosome. All the alleles of a particular gene occupy the same locus

The process of two consecutive cell divisions in the diploid progenitors of sex cells. Meiosis results in four rather than two daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes

RNA that serves as a template for protein synthesis 

The process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell

Development of a mutation (change in DNA base)

Individual, organism, or new genetic character arising or resulting from mutation

Alteration or change in DNA base(s)

The addition of fatty acids to proteins

The process of joining two complementary strands of DNA or one each of DNA and RNA to from a double-stranded molecule 

Devoid of a nucleus or nuclei

Short DNA fragments that are joined to form the lagging strand of DNA

A molecule usually composed of 25 or fewer nucleotides; used as a DNA synthesis primer

The physical characteristics of an organism or the presence of a disease that may or may not be genetic

A bond between the 5'-phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3'-hydroxyl of another

• Autonomoulsy replication extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule, distinct from the normal bacterial genome and nonessential for cell survival under nonselective conditions. 
• Some can integrate into the host genome
• Artificially constructed plasmids are used as Cloning vectors

One gene that causes many different physical traits such as multiple disease symptoms

Determined by more than one gene

A method for amplifying a region of DNA by repeated cycles of DNA synthesis in virto

Having multiple chromosome sets as a result of a genetic event that is abnormal, or programmed

Chemical change in the polypeptide chain after translation

The addition of lipids to proteins

Short preexisting polynucleotide chain to which new deoxyribonucleotides can be added by DNA polymerase

A DNA site to which RNA polymerase will bind and initiate transcriptoin

The directed degradation of proteins or peptides by the actions of enzymes

A gene that will be expressed only if there are two identical copies or, for a male, if one copy is present on the X chromosome

• Joins together DNA segments in a cell-free system. 
• recombinant DNA can enter a cell and replicate there, either autonomously or after is has become integrated into a cellular chromosome

The process by which proteins or complementary strands of nucleic acids re-form their native conformations

A structure that forms when two parental DNA strands separate

A site for the initiation of DNA replication

An enzyme that cleaves DNA at a specific sequence

• A type of virus that contains RNA as its genetic material. 
• RNA translates into DNA and inserts itself into an infected cells DNA. 
• Causes many diseases, including cancers and AIDS

An enzyme used by retroviruses to form a complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence from their RNA. The resulting DNA is then inserted into the chromosome of the host cell

RNA delivers DNA's genetic message to the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made

A small molecule containing RNA and associated proteins, present within the cytoplasm of living cells, that is involved in protein synthesis by binding to mRNA and tRNA

• A multicompnent system of RNA synthesized in the nucleolus of cells.
• Constitutes the central component of ribosomes

Short RNA sequences that are complementary to mRNA sequences and may interfere with translation

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis for RNA

Describes a from of replication whereby the newly formed DNA in the daughter cell is made up of an original parental strand and one newly synthesized

DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (A, T, C or G) in the genome sequence is altered

A class of 20-to 25-nucleotide-long RNA molecules that play a number of roles in biology including RNA interference

any cell in the body except gametes and their precursors

Transfer by absorption of DNA fragments separated in electrophoretic gels to membrane filter for detection of specific base sequences by radiolabeled complementary probes

The process of removing introns in an RNA transcript

any gene that codes for the amino acid sequences in a protein except the regulatory protein

The study of interactions between the components of a biological system and how these interactions give rise to the function and behavior of that system

Any of three mRNa sequences (UGA, UAG, UAA) that do not code for an amino acid and therefore signal the ed of protein synthesis

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA strands

A variation of a charachter

The synthesis of an RNA copy from a sequence of DNA; 1st step in gene expression

A protein that binds to regulatory regions and helps control gene expression

The introduction of genetic materials into cells using viral methods

The introduction of genetic material into eukaryotic cells

• A class of RNA having structure with triplet nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the triplet nucleotide coding  sequences of mRNA. 
• Bonds with a.a. and transfer them to the ribosomes, where proteins are assembled according to the genetic code carried by mRNA

(bacteria) the genetic alteration of a cell caused by the uptake and expression of foreign DNA

Being an organism the genome of which has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another  species  or breed

The process in which the genetic code by mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins form amino acids