Bmsc 230 Gluconeogenesis

• -Synthesis of Glucose from non-hexose precursors
• -Occurs in all animals plants fungi and micro-organisms

• 95% in liver
• some in kidney
• (Glucose-6-phosphatase only exists in liver and kidney)

Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids

stored fats, proteins  sucrose

simple organic compounds: acetate, lactate, propionate  Glucose

• 1) Pyruvate  oxaloacetate
• oxaloacetate  phosphoenolpyruvate

2) fructose 1,6-phosphate  fructose 6-phosphate

3) Glucose 6-PhosphateGlucose

• Pyruvate+CO₂+ATPADP+P_i+Oxaloacetate
• Enz: Pyruvate Carboxylase with Bioitin Prosthesis
• Irreversable
• 

a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis.

• Oxaloaceetate+GTPCO₂+GDP+phosphoenolpyruvate
• Enz: PEP carboxykinase
• **Oxaloacetate is essentially just phosphoralized
• 

• Oxaloacetate+NADHNAD⁺+Malate
• (to transport out of mitochondria)
• Enz: Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase

• Malate+NAD⁺NADH+Oxaloacetate
• (to proceed with reaction)
• Enz: cytosolic Malate Dehydrogenase

**Oxaloacetate can not be transported out of mitochondria

• Fructose 1,6-phosphate+H₂O
• P_i+Fructose 6-phosphate
• Enz: Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase(FBPase-1)
• irreversable

• Glucose-6-phosphate+H₂O  Glucose+P_i
• Enz: Glucose 6-phosphatase
• irreversable

• 1)2 ATP Pyruvate-oxaloacetate
• 2)2 GTP Oxaloacetate-PEP
• 3)2 ATP 3-phosphoglycerate-1,3bisphosphoglycerate
• 4) 2 NADH 1,3phosphoglycerate-Glyceraldehyde 3-P