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Cell Biology Amino acids and other terms
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hydroylysis
breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H
what are the basic building blocks of the cell (there are four)
sugars
fatty acids
amino acids
nucleotides
name the macromolecule that fits these subunits:
sugar
amino acid
nucleotide
polysaccharide
amino acid
nucleotide
saturated vs unsaturated fats
saturated fats have no double bonds between carbons
unsaturated fats have some double bonds
phospholipids
made up of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails (phospholipid bilayer)
structure of an amino acid
one amino group and a carboxyl group branched off a single carbon with a side chain (R) and a hydrogen attached
Name the non-polar non aromatic amino acids and their prefixes
alanine (ala)
valine (val)
isoleucine (ile)
name the polar uncharged nonaromatic amino acids and their prefixes
glycine (gly)
serine (ser)
threonine (thr)
asparagine (asn)
glutamine (gln)
name the charged (acidic) amino acids and their prefixes
glutamic acid (glu)
aspartic acid (asp)
histidine (his)
lysine (lys)
arginine (arg)
name the aromatic amino acids and their prefixes
phenylalanine (phe)
tryptophan (trp)
tyrosine (tyr)
peptide bond
links two amino acids
what are the four structures of proteins?
primary structure - linear
secondary structure - some amino acids form hydrogen bonds and fold into a spiral or pleated sheet
tertiary structure - coiled 3d secondary structures
quaternary structure - two polypeptides forming a functional protein
structure of a nucleic acid
5 carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base (either purine or pyrimidine)
purine vs pyrimidine
purines have a double ring (adenine and guanine)
pyrimidines have a single ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
H=G+TS
Gibb's free energy equation where
h is enthalpy
s is entropy
catabolism
breaks down molecules
energetically favorable
anabolism
synthesize molecules
energetically unfavorable
where groups do these carrier molecules carry?
ATP
NADH
Acetyl CoA
Carboxylated biotin
S-Adenosylmethionine
Uridine diphosphate glucose
ATP - phosphates
NADH - electrons and hydrogens
Acetyl CoA - acetyl groups
Carboxylated biotin - carboxyl groups
S-Adenosylmethionine - methyl groups
Uridine diphosphate glucose - glucose
anaerobic respiration vs fermentation's final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration's is inorganic
fermentation's is organic
cells catabolize organic molecules and produce ATP in two ways:
substrate level phosphorylation
aerobic respiration
How much ATP is gained from glycolysis?
2
Priming reactions of glycolysis
2 phosphates added to glucose molecule
Regulation of glycolysis is controlled by
hexokinase and phosphofructokinase
cleavage reactions of glucose
6 carbon splits into 2 three carbon molecules with a phosphate on each
Steps in glycolysis that use energy and what kind
Steps 1 and 3 convert ATP to ADP for energy
What steps in glycolysis gain energy and in what form?
Step 6 2NAD+'s are converted to 2 NADH's
Step 7 2 ADP's are converted to 2 ATP's
Step 10 same as step 7
what two processes recycle NADH
aerobic respiration
fermentation
what does aerobic respiration use to recycle NADH?
acetyl-CoA oxidizes to NAD+
what does fermentiaon use to recycle NADH
can oxidize to lactic acid byproduct or use acetaldehyde to create ethanol and CO2
where is the pyruvate molecule oxidized after glycolysis and into what
pyruvate is decarboxylated into
acetyl-CoA
NADH
CO2
Author
solnihil
ID
198106
Card Set
Cell Biology Amino acids and other terms
Description
amino acid groups and some other vocabulary for YSU cell bio Exam 1
Updated
2/5/2013, 5:02:35 PM
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