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solnihil
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hydroylysis
breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H
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what are the basic building blocks of the cell (there are four)
- sugars
- fatty acids
- amino acids
- nucleotides
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name the macromolecule that fits these subunits:
sugar
amino acid
nucleotide
- polysaccharide
- amino acid
- nucleotide
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saturated vs unsaturated fats
saturated fats have no double bonds between carbons
unsaturated fats have some double bonds
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phospholipids
made up of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails (phospholipid bilayer)
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structure of an amino acid
one amino group and a carboxyl group branched off a single carbon with a side chain (R) and a hydrogen attached
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Name the non-polar non aromatic amino acids and their prefixes
- alanine (ala)
- valine (val)
isoleucine (ile)
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name the polar uncharged nonaromatic amino acids and their prefixes
- glycine (gly)
- serine (ser)
- threonine (thr)
- asparagine (asn)
- glutamine (gln)
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name the charged (acidic) amino acids and their prefixes
- glutamic acid (glu)
- aspartic acid (asp)
- histidine (his)
- lysine (lys)
- arginine (arg)
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name the aromatic amino acids and their prefixes
- phenylalanine (phe)
- tryptophan (trp)
- tyrosine (tyr)
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peptide bond
links two amino acids
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what are the four structures of proteins?
- primary structure - linear
- secondary structure - some amino acids form hydrogen bonds and fold into a spiral or pleated sheet
- tertiary structure - coiled 3d secondary structures
- quaternary structure - two polypeptides forming a functional protein
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structure of a nucleic acid
- 5 carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base (either purine or pyrimidine)
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purine vs pyrimidine
- purines have a double ring (adenine and guanine)
- pyrimidines have a single ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
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H=G+TS
- Gibb's free energy equation where
- h is enthalpy
- s is entropy
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catabolism
- breaks down molecules
- energetically favorable
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anabolism
- synthesize molecules
- energetically unfavorable
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where groups do these carrier molecules carry?
ATP
NADH
Acetyl CoA
Carboxylated biotin
S-Adenosylmethionine
Uridine diphosphate glucose
- ATP - phosphates
- NADH - electrons and hydrogens
- Acetyl CoA - acetyl groups
- Carboxylated biotin - carboxyl groups
- S-Adenosylmethionine - methyl groups
- Uridine diphosphate glucose - glucose
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anaerobic respiration vs fermentation's final electron acceptor
- anaerobic respiration's is inorganic
- fermentation's is organic
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cells catabolize organic molecules and produce ATP in two ways:
- substrate level phosphorylation
- aerobic respiration
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How much ATP is gained from glycolysis?
2
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Priming reactions of glycolysis
2 phosphates added to glucose molecule
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Regulation of glycolysis is controlled by
hexokinase and phosphofructokinase
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cleavage reactions of glucose
6 carbon splits into 2 three carbon molecules with a phosphate on each
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Steps in glycolysis that use energy and what kind
Steps 1 and 3 convert ATP to ADP for energy
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What steps in glycolysis gain energy and in what form?
- Step 6 2NAD+'s are converted to 2 NADH's
- Step 7 2 ADP's are converted to 2 ATP's
- Step 10 same as step 7
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what two processes recycle NADH
- aerobic respiration
- fermentation
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what does aerobic respiration use to recycle NADH?
acetyl-CoA oxidizes to NAD+
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what does fermentiaon use to recycle NADH
can oxidize to lactic acid byproduct or use acetaldehyde to create ethanol and CO2
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where is the pyruvate molecule oxidized after glycolysis and into what
- pyruvate is decarboxylated into
- acetyl-CoA
- NADH
- CO2
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