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Axial Skeleton
The bones of the center, or axis, of the body
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Appendicular Skeleton
The bones of the upper and lower extremities.
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Axial Bones
- Skull
- Cranial bones
- Ear bones
- Face bones
- Spine
- vertibrate
- Thorax
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Hyoid Bone
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Sinuses
- Spaces or cavities within some cranial bones
- Make head light enough to hold upright
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Paranasal Sinuses
Opens into the nose
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Sutures
The two parietal bones of the skull form immovable joints
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Fontanels
- Area of incomplete ossification
- "Soft spots"
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Regions of the Spine
- 6 different regions (top to bottom)
- cervical region
- thoracic region
- lumbar region
- sacrum
- coccyx
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Cervical (bones of the spine)
Upper 7 in neck region
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Thoracic Vertebrae
- Second set of vertebrae
- 12 in total
- Ribs attach to these
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Lumbar Vertebrae
- Third set of vertebrae
- 5 in total
- Located in the small of the back
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Sacrum
- 5 seperate bones in children
- 1 bone fused together in adulthood
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Coccyx
- Child, 3-5 seperate bones
- fused together in adulthood
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Concave Curves
- Cervical Region
- Lumbar Region
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Thorax
- Comprised of:
- 12 pairs of ribs
- Sternum
- Thoracic vertebrae
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True Ribs
- First 7 pairs
- attached by costal cartilage
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False Ribs
- 8, 9, and 10 pairs
- attached to the cartilage of the seventh ribs
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Floating Ribs
- Last two pairs
- NOT attached to any cartilage
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Appendicular Bones
- The appendages
- Divided into two sections
- Upper Extremities
- Lower Extremities
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Bones of the Upper Extremity
- Clavicle
- Scaplula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpal Bones
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
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Clavicle
- 2 one on either side
- Collarbones
- Only joints in between the pectoral & axial skeleton are those in the clavicle and sternum
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Scapula
- 2 one on either side
- Shoulder blades
- scapula + clavicle form pectoral acromion process
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Humerus
- 2 Arm bones
- Muscles attached to the greater tubercle and to the medial and later epicondyle
- articulates with the ulna the surgical neck is a common fracture site
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Radius
- 2
- Lies on the thumb side of the arm
- muscles attached to the radial tuberosity and styloid process
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Ulna
- 2 lies on the little finger side of the arm
- olecranon process of ulna is known as the elbow, or funny bone
- Muscles are attached to the cornonoid process and the styloid process
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Carpal Bones
- Short bones at the upper end of the hand
- anatomical wrist
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Metacarpals
Forms the framework of the palm of the hand
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Phalanges
- Finger bones
- 3 in each finger
- 2 in each thumb
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Bones of the lower extremities
Coxal Bone=pelvis
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Fibula
- Lateral side of the body
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Foot Bones
Tarsal
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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Articulations
- Joints
- 3 types
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Siarthroses
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Synarthrosis
- Firbrous connective tissue holds articulating bones close together
- No movement
- example: cranial sutures
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Amphriarthroses
- cartlage connects articulating bone
- slight movement
- example: vertebrae
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Diarthroses
- Free movement
- Joint cavity with layer of cartilage over the ends of the two bones
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Joint capsule
- body's strongest and toughest material
- connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane
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Ligaments
Cords or band made up of strong fibrous connective tissue as the joint capsule
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Articular Cartilage
- over the joint ends acts like rubber heal on shoe
- (over the ends of the bone, cushion)
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Bursa
shock absorbing cushion around the bones
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Types of joints
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle
- Condyloid
- Ball & socket
- Gliding
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Flexion
- reduces angle of a joint
- bending the elbow
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extersion
- increase the angle of a joint
- straighten the elbow
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rotation
head neck joints
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circumduction
move the arm around in a circle
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abduction
arm from side of body to above the head
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adduction
arm from above the head to the side of the body
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