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servinggod247
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Blood is a specialized ________ tissue
connective
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The living cells of blood are called
formed elements
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The nonliving fluid matrix of blood is called
blood plasma
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Blood that has been centrifuged separates into three layers:
- erythrocytes
- the buffy coat
- plasma
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The blood _______ represents the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood
hermatocrit
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The pH of blood is between _____ and _____
7.35-7.45
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Blood density and viscosity is _____ than water due to the presence of formed elements
water
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Normal blood volume in males=
Normal blood volume in females=
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Blood delivers _____ and ______, removes __________ to elimination sites, and distributes _________
- oxygen and nutrients
- metabolic wastes
- hormones
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Blood aids in regulating body ______, body fluid _____, and fluid volume within fluid compartments
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Blood protects against excessive blood loss through the ___________
clotting mechanism
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Blood plasma consists of _____ water, and solutes including:
90%
- nutrients
- gases
- hormones
- wastes
- products of cell activity
- ions
- protiens
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Plasma proteins account for _____ of plasma solutes, mostly _____, which function as carriers.
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Most plasma proteins are produced in the ________
liver
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Plasma proteins:
- Albumins
- Globulins: antibodies, hormone binding (transthyretin and steroid binding), Metalloproteins (Transferrin), lipoprotiens
- Fibrinogen
- Hormones
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Erythrocytes are ________
red blood cells
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Red blood cells are small and _______ in shape.
biconcave
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Red blood cells lack ___ and most organelles, and contain mostly ________
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_________ is an oxygen-binding pigment that is responsible for the transport of most of the oxygen in the blood
Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin is made up of the protein _____ bound to the red heme pigment
globin
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__________, or blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
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___________ is the formation of erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis
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Erythropoiesis begins when a ________ stem cell is transformed to a ___________, which develops to mature erythrocytes
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Erythrocyte production is controlled by the hormone ________
erythropoietin
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Dietary requirements for erythrocyte formation include:
- iron
- vitamin B12
- folic acid
- proteins
- lipids
- carbs
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Blood cells have a short life span due to the lack of _______ and __________
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Destruction of dead or dying blood cells is accomplished by _________
macrophages
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_____ are characterized by a deficiency in RBCs
Anemias
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____________ is characterized by an abnormal excess of RBCs
Polycythemia
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___________ of whole blood is routine when blood loss is substantial
Transfusion
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Humans have different blood types based on specific _______ on RBC membranes
antigens
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____ blood groups are based on the presence or absence of the three antigens
ABO
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The _________ is a group of RBC antigens that are either present in Rh+ blood, or absent in Rh- blood
Rh factor
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A ________ reaction occurs if the infused donor blood type is attacked by the recipient's blood plasma antibodies, resulting in ________ and _________ of the donor cells
- transfusion
- aggulation
- hemolysis
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__________, or white blood cells, are the only formed elements that are complete cells and make up less than 1% of total blood volume
Leukocytes
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___________ are a main group of leukocytes characterized as large cells with lobbed nuclei and visibly staining granules; all are phagocytic
Granulocytes
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________ are the most numerous type of leukocyte. They are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytic
Neutrophils
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________ are relatively uncommon and attack parasitic worms
Eosinophils
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________ are the least numerous leukocyte and release histamine to promote inflammation
Basophils
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_______ are a main group of lymphocytes that lack visibly staining granules
Agranulocytes
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_____________ directly attack viral-infected and tumor cells
T lymphocytes
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__________ produce antibody cells
B lymphocytes
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Monocytes become _________ and activate T lymphocytes
macrophages
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_____________, the formation of white blood cells, is regulated by the production of _____________ and ___________________
- Leukopoiesis
- interleukins
- colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
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Leukopoiesis involves differentiation of _______________ along two pathways; lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
hemocytoblasts
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__________ is an abnormally low white blood cell count
Leukopenia
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__________ are clones of a single white blood cell that remain unspecialized and divide out of control
Leukemias
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_____________ ______________ is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
Infectious mononucleosis
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Platelets are not complete cells, but fragments of large cells called ___________
megakaryocytes
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Platelets are critical to the _____________, forming the temporary seal when a blood vessel breaks
clotting process
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Formation of platelets involves mitosis of __________ without cytokinesis
megakaryocytes
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A break in a blood vessel stimulates hemostasis which is
a fast, localized response to reduce blood loss through clotting
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__________ are the immediate vasoconstriction response to blood vessel injury
Vascular spasms
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What is the process of Platelet Plug Formation
- 1. When endothelium is damaged, platelets become sticky and spiky, adhering to each other and the damaged vessel wall.
- 2. Once attached, other platelets are attracted to the site of injury, activating a positive feedback loop for clot formation
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________, or blood clotting, is a multistep process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Coagulation
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Factors that promote clotting are called clotting factors, or ________
procoagulants
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Factors that inhibit clot formation are called
anticoagulants
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The clotting process involves:
- Formation of prothrombin activator
- Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- The formation of fibrin mesh from fibrinogen in the plasma
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___________ is a process in which the contractile proteins within platelets contract and pull on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together
Clot retraction
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Repair is stimulated by
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
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______ removes unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin-digesting enzyme plasmin
Fibrinolysis
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