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Mercantilism
- 18th century empires
- This term was invented by later opponents and critics of the system whereby governments heavily regulated trade and commerce in hope of increasing national wealth.
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Spanish Colonialism
- 18th century Spain
- Spanish control of its American Empire involved a system of government and a system of monopolistic trade regulation.
- Each of the viceroyalties was divided into judicial councils, known as audiencias.
- A crucial change occured in the early 18th century under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs.
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The American Revolution
- American continents, Britain, France
- British drive for revenue began with the passage of the sugar act.
- The next year, Parliament passed the stamp act, which put a tax on legal documents and other items such as newspapers.
- The Americans responded that they alone, through their colonial assemblies, had the right to tax themselves.
- Americans went on to declare independence.
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The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
- Colonial trade followed roughly a geographic triangle
- Euro goods were carried to Africa to be exchanged for slaves, who were then taken to West Indies, where they were traded for sugar and other tropical products, which were then shipped to Europe.
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The War of Jenkin's Ear
- 1739 Britain
- In 1731, during one such boarding operation, there was a fight, and the Spaniards cut off the ear of the English captain Robert Jenkins.
- He then took his ear to parliament and Sir Robert Walpole went to war with spain.
- Relatively minor, but opened the doors for more wars.
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The "Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756
- 1756 France & Austria
- Britain & Prussia signed the convention of Westminister, a defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into the German states.
- France and Austria signed a defensive alliance.
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The War of Austrian Succession
- (1740-1748) Eastern Germany
- After being king of Prussia for less than seven months, Frederick II seized this province of Silesia in Eastern Germany.
- The invasion shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction and upset the continental balance of power.
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The Seven Years' War
- (1756-1763)
- Frederick II opened this war by invading Saxony.
- He regarded the invasion as a continuation of the defensive strategy of the Convention of Westminister.
- In the spring of 1757, France and Austria made an alliance dedicated to destroy Prussia.
- The Treaty of Hubertusburg of 1763 ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in prewar borders.
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The Treaty of Paris of 1763
- Bute was responsible for this peace settlement
- Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River Valley, and the Eastern half of the Mississippi River Valley.
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The French and Indian War
- (1754-1763) Ohio River Valley and upper New England
- This war was foght primarily between the colonies of British America and New France.
- The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict
- Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River Valley, and the Eastern half of the Mississippi River Valley.
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