The flashcards below were created by user
faulkner116
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Wavelength=frequency=
pitch
-frequency measured in waves per second, or Hertz Hz
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Pitch is the ______ of sound waves.
frequency
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The basilar membrane is "tuned" to vibrate the most at a certain frequency
-near helicotrema: low pitch
-near oval window: high pitch
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A small patch of hair cells code for a particular frequency, this is called
place coding because a place on the basilar membrane codes for each pitch
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Surprisingly, the only place in the brain that calculates the location of sounds is the ______ _____ ______, in the medulla where microsecond differences in the arrival of sound between the two ears are used to determine the source of sounds.
superior olivary nucleus.
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Auditory Pathways to Brain
1. Cranial Nerve VIII
2. Medulla
3. Thalamus
4. Auditory cortices in temporal lobe
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Vestibular sense is the sense of
balance
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Static Equilibrium (linear acceleration) is used to
measure head tilt.
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Dynamic Equilibrium (angular acceleration) is used to
measure head rotation
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Static equilibrium, or head tilt, is coded in receptive organs called
maculae
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Maculae are found in two enlargements of the semicircular canals, the
utricle and saccule
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Inner Ear Structures:
Semicircular Canals (balance)
Anterior; posterior; lateral
utricle; saccule
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The ____ and _____ are at the junction between the semicircular canals and cochlea. Like the spiral organ, these contain_____ _____.
utricle; saccule; hair cells
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Hairs embedded in gelationous otolith membrane with otoliths on top.
-otoliths are crystals of CaCO3
-otoliths side when head is tilted, and move hairs underneath
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There are three semicircular canals, one for each
possible plane of head rotation
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As the head swivels, fluid in semicircular canals sloshes around and activates hair cells in
ampullae
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As the signal from the vestibular apparatus is sent to the brain, the cerebellum calculates a
compensatory eye movement
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Eyes move in a characteristic flicking pattern called
nystagmus
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The _______ system makes an important contribution to the sense of balance and body position in space
vestibular
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Vestibular Pathways to Brain:
There is integration with other somatic senses
-cell bodies of 1 degree afferents in vestibular ganglion
-4 vestibular nuclei in pons and medulla
-relay in ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus
-cortical representation in somatosensory cortex
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