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What are the water soluble vitamins?
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Folate (folic acid)
- B-6
- B-12
- C
- Pantothenic acid
- Biotin
- Choline
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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What is an EAR?
The amount that is sufficient for 1/2 of the population is what?
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What is an RDA?
Recommended Dietary Allowance is adequate for most of the population 97-98% (won't have adverse affects - deficiency)
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What is an AI?
The adequate amount of a nutrient needed to prevent a deficiency based on an educated guess.
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What is a UL?
the tolerable upper intake level is called what?
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What would happen to you if you took the amount listed for the UL?
Nothing
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What would happen if you took more than the recommended UL?
You are at risk for a toxicity
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What is needed in order to establish an EAR for a nutrient?
When the food and nutrition board agrees that there is an accurate way to measure if intake is adequate, often the activity of an enzyme or ability of a cell or organ to function is used.
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What information is needed in order to establish an RDA for a nutrient?
They must first have an EAR, and is based on a multiple of the EAR (RDA = EAR * 1.2). Also the nutrient's ability to prevent a chronic disease is measured not just a deficiency.
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If there is insufficient evidence to establish an EAR what kind of recommendation is given?
An AI is determined when what cannot be established?
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What are the appropriate uses for DRI standards?
these are to help reduce the risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases. They should be averaged over several days not just one.
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What kind of nutrients do the DRI's deal with?
What system is used to make recommendations for micronutrients?
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What is a coenzyme?
A non-protein that partners with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction is called what?
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Which vitamins form co-enzymes?
- The B-vitamins are co-enzymes
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Biotin
- Pantothenic acid
- B-6
- B-12
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What vitamins are added in enriched grains?
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, and Folate are all vitamins added to what? (Iron is also added)
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What is the Thiamin Co-enzyme?
Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) is the co-enzyme form of what vitamin?
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What is/are the co-enzyme(s) formed from Riboflavin?
- Flavin adenine dinucliotide (FAD)
- Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
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What is/are the co-enzymes formed from Niacin?
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
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What are some good food sources of Thiamin?
Sunflower seeds, ham, fortified cereals, and beans
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What things can inactivate Thiamin?
Raw fish, putting baking soda in beans, heat, and alkalinity or other oxidizing compounds
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What foods are poor sources of Thiamin?
Orange juice, potatoes, asparagus, green pease, rice,
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What affects does cooking with baking soda, or other alkaline environments have on thiamin?
They will lower the bioavalability of Thiamin.
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What foods contain Thiaminase enzymes?
fresh shellfish, and shell fish contain what?
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What is thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)?
What is the co-enzyme formed from Thiamin?
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What role does TPP play in carbohydrate metabolism?
- it works with specific enzymes to remove carbon dioxide (decarboxylation)
- - the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
- - aids in the conversion of the intermediate compound alpha-ketogluterate to succinyl-CoA
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Who is at risk for Thiamine deficiency?
Poor people in developing countries who eat mostly white rice, and alcoholics are at risk for what kind of deficiency?
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What is the deficiency disease of Thiamin?
Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
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What are the symptoms of Beriberi?
- peripheral neuropathy and weakness, muscle pain and tenderness, enlargement of the heart, difficulty breathing, edema, anorexia, weight loss, poor memory, and confusion.
- - glucose cannot be converted to acetyl-CoA
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What are the symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
changes in vision, ataxia (poor muscle coordination/stumbling), congestive heart failure, edema, and impaired mental function are the symptoms of what?
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Who is at risk for Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
Alcoholics are at risk for what deficiency disease?
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What food groups are good sources of Riboflavin?
Beef liver, Plain Yogurt, milk products, enriched bread/grains, eggs, and meat are all good sources for what vitamin?
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What affects riboflavin stability?
What vitamin is destroyed by Sunlight?
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What role does the Riboflavin co-enzyme FAD play in the citric acid cycle?
The oxidation of succinate to fumerate is made possible by what co-enzyme?
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How does Riboflavin help in the oxidation of succinate to fumerate?
The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase needs what co-enzyme to oxidate succinate to fumerate?
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What does the FADH2 that is formed by the oxidation of succinate to fumerate do?
FADH2 will donate hydrogen to the electron transport chain after what reaction?
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In fatty acid breakdown(Beta-oxidation) to acetyl-CoA, the enzyme fatty acyl dehydrogenase needs what co-enzyme?
FAD is required for breaking down fatty acids in a process called
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What are the symptoms of Riboflavin deficiency?
Cracking at the corners of the mouth, red sore tongue, and seborrhea dermatitis (like the red dots I had on my face) are symptoms of a deficiency in what vitamin?
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Who is at risk for a Riboflavin deficiency?
Alcoholics, malabsorption disorders, people with very poor diets, adolescent girls and the elderly are at risk for what deficiency?
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What is Ariboflavinosis?
This is the name of riboflavin deficiency disease
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What is seborrheic dermatitis?
This is the rash that occurs when there is a riboflavin deficiency
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What is stomatitis?
This is inflammation of the mucus linings of the mouth due to a riboflavin deficiency
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What is Glossitis?
This is the name of the inflammation of the tongue due to a riboflavin deficiency.
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What is angular cheilitis?
This is the name for the cracking on the sides of the mouth due to Riboflavin deficiency
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What are the two forms of Niacin?
Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide are the two forms of what vitamin?
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What foods are good sources on Niacin?
Chicken, Tuna, enriched grains, whole grains, beef, and turkey are all good sources of what vitamin?
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What are the names of the two Niacin co-enzymes?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are the names of ___.
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Where are niacin's co-enzymes needed?
NAD+ is mostly needed for the catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
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How does NAD+ function as a co-enzyme?
In glycolosis and the citric acid cycle what co-enzyme acts as a H+ acceptor?
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When is NAD+ regenerated?
What is regenerated during anaerobic conditions of pyruvate is converted to lactic acid?
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What does NAD+H+ do under aerobic conditions?
_______ donates electrons and hydrogen to acceptor molecules in the e- transport chain (contributing to ATP synthesis)
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What does Alcohol metabolism require?
Niacin co-enzymes are required for _______ metabolism.
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What is the pro-vitamin for Niacin?
Tryptophan is the provitamin for what vitamin?
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How much niacin can you get from 60mg of tryptophan?
You can get 1mg of niacin from how much tryptophan?
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How do you estimate the total amount of niacin in your food?
Take the total grams of protein and divide by 6 to get what?
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What is required to make niacin from tryptophan?
Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 co-enzymes are needed to make ______ from ________.
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What is Beta-oxidation?
The process by which fatty acids are broken down in the cytosol to generate pyruvate, which enters mitochondria as acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the citric acid cycle.
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How does one get pellagra?
By not eating enough niacin you will end up with
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What are the symptoms of pellagra?
Rough red rash that appears where the skin is exposed to daylight, diarrhea, and dementia...eventually death
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What are the 4 D's of pellagra?
- Deratitis
- Diarrhea
- Dementia
- Death
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Who is at risk for developing pellagra?
Wherever corn is the staple food of the people (usually in poor countries)
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What are the adverse affects of consuming too much niacin?
Flushing in the skin, GI tract upset, and liver damage are associated with too much of what vitamin?
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What are the possible benefits of high doses of nicotinic acid?
Increase in HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels when combined with diet changes and exercise are the possible benefits
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What foods have pantothenic acid?
Meat, milk, and many vegetables contain this vitamin
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What is the co-enzyme for pantothenic acid?
Co-enzyme A or Co-A is the co-enzyme for what vitamin?
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What is the role of pantothenic acid in the citric acid cycle?
Pantothenic acid is required to make Acetyl Co-A which then enters the _________ cycle.
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Who is at risk for a pantothenic acid deficiency?
The deficiency of this vitamin has only been seen in experimentally induced situations.
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What are bioavailable sources for biotin?
Whole grains, eggs, nuts, and legumes
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Where is biotin synthesized?
Bacteria in the large intestine synthesize this vitamin
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Why do raw egg whites decrease the bioavailability of biotin?
This food binds biotin in such a way that it is no longer bioavailable.
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What enzyme in the small intestine releases biotin from protein?
What does the enzyme Biotinidase do?
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What is carboxylation?
The addition of a caroxyl group, COOH, into a compound or molecule
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What role does biotin play in producing oxaloacetate?
Biotin acts as a co-enzyme for carboxylase enzymes that turn Pyruvate into what?
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What are the symptoms of Biotin deficiency?
Skin rash, hair loss, convulsions, low muscle tone, and impaired growth are symptoms of what deficiency?
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Who is at risk for biotin deficiency?
Infants born without biotinidase, use of anticonvulsant medications, pple. with severe intestinal disease, and pple. who regularly ingest large amount (>12) of raw eggs are at risk for a deficiency in what?
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What are the three forms of Vitamin B-6
- Pyridoxine
- Pyridoxal
- Pyridoxamine
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What is the co-enzyme for B-6?
Pyrodoxal phosphate
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What are the leading sources of B-6 in the U.S. food supply?
Meat, bananas, and NON-enriched but FORTIFIED foods
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What are the key functions of B-6?
- Transanimation
- Bood formation and clotting
- Making Heme
- Break off glucose from glycogen
- Neurotransmitter synthesis (need PLP)
- Make niacin from triptophan
- Decrease homosystene (lowers risk of heart disease)
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What are the signs and symptoms of a B-6 deficiency?
- Anemia (similar to iron deficient anemia)
- Depression (if neurotransmitter synthesis is interrupted)
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Who is at risk for a B-6 Deficiency?
The elderly, blacks, smokers, users of oral contraceptives, alcoholics, and those who are underweight or consume poor diets are at risk for what?
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What are the concerns with consistent high doses of B-6?
Nerve problems in hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy)
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What is microcytic hypochromic anemia?
Impared heme production due to B-6 deficiency can cause the production of small pale blood cells
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What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Folate naturally occurs in foods (like Kale and other green leafy veggies, and Folic Acid is the synthesized form)
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What foods have the highest bioavailability, and largest amount of folate?
Liver, legumes, and leafy green veggies (also oranges/juice and avocados) are the most bioavailable and have the largest amount of what?
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What is the difference in the bioavailability of folate from food sources and folic acid?
From a mixed diet the bioavailability of folate is 50% as compared to folic acid (but may be closer to 80%)
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What are the functions of folate in the body?
The co-enzymes of what vitamin are required for the synthesis and maintenance of new cells, DNA synthesis, and amino acid metabolism?
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What is the name of the central co-enzyme form of folate?
What is tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)
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What is DFE?
Dietary Folate Equivalent is how they express the RDA of folate, it represents the absorption of folate as compared to folic acid.
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What is the DFE formula?
DFE = micrograms food folate + (micrograms folic acid *1.7)
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What are the signs/symptoms of folate deficiency?
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Neural tube defects
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Who is at risk for folate deficiency?
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What are reliable food sources for B-12?
Animal products (esp. organ meats), fortified foods
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How is B-12 absorbed?
- Mouth: salivary glands produce R-protein
- Stomach: HCl and pepsin release vitamin B-12 bound to protein in food, free vitamin B-12 binds with R-protein, parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor
- Small intestine: Trypsin from the pancrease releases R-protein from vitamin B-12, Vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor
- Ileum: B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II
- Liver: B-12 is stored in the liver
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What are the key functions of B-12?
- 1. formation of the amino acid methionine from the amino acid homocysyteine is catalyzed by the enzyme methiomine synthase, which requires B-12 co-enzyme methylcobalamin.
- 2. Allows fatty acids with an odd # of carbons to be oxidized in the citric acid cycle and to provide energy
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What are the signs and symptoms of B-12 deficiency?
- Pernicious anemia (due to inadequate intrinsic factor)
- Megaloblast anemia
- Nerve degeneration
- High levels of homocysteine in blood
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Who is at risk for B-12 deficiency?
- Elderly
- or those with malabsorption problems
- Vegetarians
- Vegans
- Infants breast fed by vegan/vegetarians
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How is B-12 deficiency treated?
- 1. montly injections
- 2. nasal gel
- 3. very high doses (1 to 2 mg)
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What are the major functions of Choline?
- A component of phospholipids
- precursor for acetylcholine
- methyl donor
- helps prevent neural tube defects
- prevents inflamation
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what are the symptoms of Choline deficiency?
no deficiency disease is associated with choline
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What are the concerns with choline toxicity?
- fishy body odor
- low blood pressure
- vomiting
- salivation
- sweating
- GI tract effects
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What are the main functions of vitamin C in the body?
- Antioxidant
- Collagen synthesis
- Blood clotting
- Wound healing
- Synthesis of other vital compounds
- Iron absorption
- Immune funtion
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What is the role of vit. C in collagen synthesis?
It is needed to get the three strands into the right shape to form the triple helix.
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Why do people who smoke need more vitamin C?
Because they need the added antioxidant help and it helps get nicotine out of the system.
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What is the proposed roll of C in lowering risk for heart disease?
Because it is an antioxidant
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What is the impact of vit C on the common cold?
Nothing!
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WHat are the signs and symptoms of vit C deficiency?
- Poor wound healing
- pinpoint hemorrhages
- bleeding gums
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who is at risk for vit C deficiency?
- Alcoholics
- Smokers
- individuals who eat few fruits and veggies
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What are the concerns with taking vit C above the UL?
Diarrhea
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Major forms of A
- preformed retinoids
- provitamin A cartenoids
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Vit A functions
- Vision in dim light
- and color vision
- cell differentiation
- bone growth
- immunity
- reproduction
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VIt A deficiency symptoms
- poor growth
- night blindness
- total blindness
- dry skin
- xerophthalmia
- hyperkeratosis
- impaired immune function
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People at risk for vit. A deficiency
Rare in US but common in preschool children living in poverty in developing coutries and patients with fat malabsorption syndromes
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Sources of Vit A retinoids
- liver
- fortified milk
- fish liver oils
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Sources for provitamin A (cartenoids)
- red, orange, dark green, and yellow veggies
- orange fruits
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Vit. A toxicity symptoms
- Headache
- vomiting
- double vision
- dry mucous membranes
- bone and joint pain
- liver damage
- hemorrahage
- coma
- spontaneous abortions
- birth defects
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Other names/forms of vit. D
- Cholecalciferol
- Ergocalciferol
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Functions of vit D
- Maintenance of calcium and phosphorus concentrations
- immune function
- cell cycle regulation
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Deficiency symptoms for vitamin D
- Rickets
- Osteomalacia (older adults)
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People at risk for vit D deficiency
- Dark-skinned individuals
- older adults w/low intakes or low UV exposure
- patients with fat malabsorption syndromes
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VIt D sources
- Vit-D fortified milk
- fish oils
- oily fish
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Vit. D toxicity symptoms
- calcification of soft tissues, impaired growth
- excess calcium in the blood
- excretion in the urine
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