Vitamins

• Thiamin
• Riboflavin
• Niacin
• Folate (folic acid)
• B-6
• B-12
• C
• Pantothenic acid
• Biotin
• Choline

• A
• D
• E
• K

The amount that is sufficient for 1/2 of the population is what?

Recommended Dietary Allowance is adequate for most of the population 97-98% (won't have adverse affects - deficiency)

The adequate amount of a nutrient needed to prevent a deficiency based on an educated guess.

the tolerable upper intake level is called what?

Nothing

You are at risk for a toxicity

When the food and nutrition board agrees that there is an accurate way to measure if intake is adequate, often the activity of an enzyme or ability of a cell or organ to function is used.

They must first have an EAR, and is based on a multiple of the EAR (RDA = EAR * 1.2). Also the nutrient's ability to prevent a chronic disease is measured not just a deficiency.

An AI is determined when what cannot be established?

these are to help reduce the risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases. They should be averaged over several days not just one.

What system is used to make recommendations for micronutrients?

A non-protein that partners with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction is called what?

• The B-vitamins are co-enzymes
• Thiamin
• Riboflavin
• Niacin
• Biotin
• Pantothenic acid
• B-6
• B-12

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, and Folate are all vitamins added to what? (Iron is also added)

Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP) is the co-enzyme form of what vitamin?

• Flavin adenine dinucliotide (FAD)
• Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

Sunflower seeds, ham, fortified cereals, and beans

Raw fish, putting baking soda in beans, heat, and alkalinity or other oxidizing compounds

Orange juice, potatoes, asparagus, green pease, rice,

They will lower the bioavalability of Thiamin.

fresh shellfish, and shell fish contain what?

What is the co-enzyme formed from Thiamin?

• it works with specific enzymes to remove carbon dioxide (decarboxylation)
•  - the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
•  - aids in the conversion of the intermediate compound alpha-ketogluterate to succinyl-CoA

Poor people in developing countries who eat mostly white rice, and alcoholics are at risk for what kind of deficiency?

Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

• peripheral neuropathy and weakness, muscle pain and tenderness, enlargement of the heart, difficulty breathing, edema, anorexia, weight loss, poor memory, and confusion.
• - glucose cannot be converted to acetyl-CoA

changes in vision, ataxia (poor muscle coordination/stumbling), congestive heart failure, edema, and impaired mental function are the symptoms of what?

Alcoholics are at risk for what deficiency disease?

Beef liver, Plain Yogurt, milk products, enriched bread/grains, eggs, and meat are all good sources for what vitamin?

What vitamin is destroyed by Sunlight?

The oxidation of succinate to fumerate is made possible by what co-enzyme?

The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase needs what co-enzyme to oxidate succinate to fumerate?

FADH₂ will donate hydrogen to the electron transport chain after what reaction?

FAD is required for breaking down fatty acids in a process called

Cracking at the corners of the mouth, red sore tongue, and seborrhea dermatitis (like the red dots I had on my face) are symptoms of a deficiency in what vitamin?

Alcoholics, malabsorption disorders, people with very poor diets, adolescent girls and the elderly are at risk for what deficiency?

This is the name of riboflavin deficiency disease

This is the rash that occurs when there is a riboflavin deficiency

This is inflammation of the mucus linings of the mouth due to a riboflavin deficiency

This is the name of the inflammation of the tongue due to a riboflavin deficiency.

This is the name for the cracking on the sides of the mouth due to Riboflavin deficiency

Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide are the two forms of what vitamin?

Chicken, Tuna, enriched grains, whole grains, beef, and turkey are all good sources of what vitamin?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are the names of ___.

NAD⁺ is mostly needed for the catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

In  glycolosis and the citric acid cycle what co-enzyme acts as a H⁺ acceptor?

What is regenerated during anaerobic conditions of pyruvate is converted to lactic acid?

_______ donates electrons and hydrogen to acceptor molecules in the e^- transport chain (contributing to ATP synthesis)

Niacin co-enzymes are required for _______  metabolism.

Tryptophan is the provitamin for what vitamin?

You can get 1mg of niacin from how much tryptophan?

Take the total grams of protein and divide by 6 to get what?

Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 co-enzymes are needed to make ______ from ________.

The process by which fatty acids are broken down in the cytosol to generate pyruvate, which enters mitochondria as acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the citric acid cycle.

By not eating enough niacin you will end up with

Rough red rash that appears where the skin is exposed to daylight, diarrhea, and dementia...eventually death

• Deratitis
• Diarrhea
• Dementia
• Death

Wherever corn is the staple food of the people (usually in poor countries)

Flushing in the skin, GI tract upset, and liver damage are associated with too much of what vitamin?

Increase in HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels when combined with diet changes and exercise are the possible benefits

Meat, milk, and many vegetables contain this vitamin

Co-enzyme A or Co-A is the co-enzyme for what vitamin?

Pantothenic acid is required to make Acetyl Co-A which then enters the _________ cycle.

The deficiency of this vitamin has only been seen in experimentally induced situations.

Whole grains, eggs, nuts, and legumes

Bacteria in the large intestine synthesize this vitamin

This food binds biotin in such a way that it is no longer bioavailable.

What does the enzyme Biotinidase do?

The addition of a caroxyl group, COOH, into a compound or molecule

Biotin acts as a co-enzyme for carboxylase enzymes that turn Pyruvate into what?

Skin rash, hair loss, convulsions, low muscle tone, and impaired growth are symptoms of what deficiency?

Infants born without biotinidase, use of anticonvulsant medications, pple. with severe intestinal disease, and pple. who regularly ingest large amount (>12) of raw eggs are at risk for a deficiency in what?

• Pyridoxine
• Pyridoxal
• Pyridoxamine

Pyrodoxal phosphate

Meat, bananas, and NON-enriched but FORTIFIED foods

• Transanimation
• Bood formation and clotting
• Making Heme
• Break off glucose from glycogen
• Neurotransmitter synthesis (need PLP)
• Make niacin from triptophan
• Decrease homosystene (lowers risk of heart disease)

• Anemia (similar to iron deficient anemia)
• Depression (if neurotransmitter synthesis is interrupted)

The elderly, blacks, smokers, users of oral contraceptives, alcoholics, and those who are underweight or consume poor diets are at risk for what?

Nerve problems in hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy)

Impared heme production due to B-6 deficiency can cause the production of small pale blood cells

Folate naturally occurs in foods (like Kale and other green leafy veggies, and Folic Acid is the synthesized form)

Liver, legumes, and leafy green veggies (also oranges/juice and avocados) are the most bioavailable and have the largest amount of what?

From a mixed diet the bioavailability of folate is 50% as compared to folic acid (but may be closer to 80%)

The co-enzymes of what vitamin are required for the synthesis and maintenance of new cells, DNA synthesis, and amino acid metabolism?

What is tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)

Dietary Folate Equivalent is how they express the RDA of folate, it represents the absorption of folate as compared to folic acid.

DFE = micrograms food folate + (micrograms folic acid *1.7)

• Megaloblastic anemia
• Neural tube defects

• Very poor diet
• Alcoholics

Animal products (esp. organ meats), fortified foods

• Mouth: salivary glands produce R-protein
• Stomach: HCl and pepsin release vitamin B-12 bound to protein in food, free vitamin B-12 binds with R-protein, parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor
• Small intestine: Trypsin from the pancrease releases R-protein from vitamin B-12, Vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor
• Ileum: B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II
• Liver: B-12 is stored in the liver

• 1. formation of the amino acid methionine from the amino acid homocysyteine is catalyzed by the enzyme methiomine synthase, which requires B-12 co-enzyme methylcobalamin.
• 2. Allows fatty acids with an odd # of carbons to be oxidized in the citric acid cycle and to provide energy

• Pernicious anemia (due to inadequate intrinsic factor)
• Megaloblast anemia
• Nerve degeneration
• High levels of homocysteine in blood

• Elderly
• or those with malabsorption problems
• Vegetarians
• Vegans
• Infants breast fed by vegan/vegetarians

• 1. montly injections
• 2. nasal gel
• 3. very high doses (1 to 2 mg)

• A component of phospholipids
• precursor for acetylcholine
• methyl donor
• helps prevent neural tube defects
• prevents inflamation

no deficiency disease is associated with choline

• fishy body odor
• low blood pressure
• vomiting
• salivation
• sweating
• GI tract effects

• Antioxidant
• Collagen synthesis
• Blood clotting
• Wound healing
• Synthesis of other vital compounds
• Iron absorption
• Immune funtion

It is needed to get the three strands into the right shape to form the triple helix.

Because they need the added antioxidant help and it helps get nicotine out of the system.

Because it is an antioxidant

Nothing!

• Poor wound healing
• pinpoint hemorrhages
• bleeding gums

• Alcoholics
• Smokers
• individuals who eat few fruits and veggies

Diarrhea

• preformed retinoids
• provitamin A cartenoids

• Vision in dim light
• and color vision
• cell differentiation
• bone growth
• immunity
• reproduction

• poor growth
• night blindness
• total blindness
• dry skin
• xerophthalmia
• hyperkeratosis
• impaired immune function

Rare in US but common in preschool children living in poverty in developing coutries and patients with fat malabsorption syndromes

• liver
• fortified milk
• fish liver oils

• red, orange, dark green, and yellow veggies
• orange fruits

• Headache
• vomiting
• double vision
• dry mucous membranes
• bone and joint pain
• liver damage
• hemorrahage
• coma
• spontaneous abortions
• birth defects

• Cholecalciferol
• Ergocalciferol

• Maintenance of calcium and phosphorus concentrations
• immune function
• cell cycle regulation

• Rickets
• Osteomalacia (older adults)

• Dark-skinned individuals
• older adults w/low intakes or low UV exposure
• patients with fat malabsorption syndromes

• Vit-D fortified milk
• fish oils
• oily fish

• calcification of soft tissues, impaired growth
• excess calcium in the blood
• excretion in the urine