CH 6 A&P BIOL 223

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?

A) epidermis, hypodermis, dermis
B) epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
C) dermis, epidermis, hypodermis
D) dermis, hypodermis, dermis
E) hypodermis, dermis, epidermis

The tissue under the skin is called the

A) hypodermis or subcutaneous layer.
B) integument or dermis.
C) epidermis or dermis.
D) epidermis or superficial fascia
E) epidermis or subcutaneous layer.

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

A) they divide.
B) they die.
C) their nutrient supply increases.
D) they enter the dermis.
E) all of the above

The layer of the epidermis at the surface is the

A) stratum lucidum.
B) stratum granulosum.
C) stratum corneum.
D) stratum spinosum.
E) stratum germinativum.

Thick skin can be found on the

A) palms.
B) legs.
C) back.
D) arms.
E) chest.

The skin is also called the

A) serous membrane.
B) mucous membrane.
C) synovial membrane.
D) cutaneous membrane.
E) none of the above

Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the

A) subcutaneous layer.
B) epidermis.
C) hypodermis.
D) melanin.
E) dermis.

An epidermal layer that produces large amounts of keratin is the

A) stratum granulosum.
B) stratum corneum.
C) stratum lucidum.
D) stratum germinativum.
E) stratum spinosum.

The primary mode of heat loss from the body is

A) radiation.
B) conduction.
C) convection.
D) evaporation.
E) none of the above

n order for bacteria on the skin to cause an infection in the skin, they must

A) survive the bactericidal components of sebum.
B) avoid being flushed from the surface of the skin by sweat.
C) penetrate the stratum corneum.
D) escape the Langerhans' cells.
E) all of the above

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

A) dermis.
B) epidermis.
C) hypodermis.
D) both A and B above
E) all of the above

Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can penetrate the epidermis.

A) sebum; water
B) oils; alcohol
C) water; blood
D) water; lipids
E) oils; lipid-soluble carriers

Functions of the skin include

A) producing adipose tissue.
B) synthesizing antibodies.
C) synthesizing digestive enzymes.
D) regulating body temperature.
E) release of large amounts of hormones.

An individual with excessive epidermal shedding on the scalp may be prone to develop this condition.

A) acne
B) dermatitis
C) psoriasis
D) seborrhea
E) dandruff

In albinism, ________ is lacking.

A) keratin
B) keratinocytes
C) carotene
D) collagen
E) melanin

The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.

A) melanin
B) biliverdin
C) carotene
D) keratin
E) bilirubin

The pigment melanin

A) is produced by cells called melanocytes and is found in higher concentration in individuals with darker skin.
B) is usually some shade of red, yellow, or brown.
C) protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation.
D) A and C onlyE) all of the above

The most important factor in skin color is

A) dermal blood supply.
B) diet.
C) sunlight exposure.
D) number of keratinocytes.
E) genetic factors.

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light

A) has no effect on the skin cells.
B) can result in increased numbers of melanocytes forming in the skin.
C) can stimulate the production of melanin.
D) can cause destruction of vitamin D.
E) can result in decreased melanin production by melanocytes.

When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

A) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases.
B) Increased heat causes the skin to turn red.
C) The blood supply to the skin increases.
D) The blood supply to the skin decreases.
E) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments.

Which of the following is a function of the integumentary system that aids the endocrine system?
A) nutrition and storage
B) synthesis of vitamin D
C) excretion
D) protection of underlying tissue
E) maintenance of body temperature

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

A) vitamin C
B) vitamin D2
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin D3
E) vitamin A

The dermis is composed largely of

A) blood vessels.
B) muscle tissue.
C) adipose tissue.
D) neural tissue.
E) dense irregular connective tissue.

When smooth muscles in the walls of dermal blood vessels contract,

A) more heat is lost.
B) more blood enters the dermis.
C) body heat is conserved.
D) blood is forced to the epidermis.
E) the vessels' lumen enlarge.

The layer of the skin that provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow is the

A) subcutaneous layer.
B) dermis.
C) epidermis.
D) sebum layer.
E) papillary layer.

Folds of the dermis that cause fingerprints are called

A) dermal ridges.
B) the papillary layer of the dermis.
C) cuticles.
D) dermal papillae.
E) arrector pili.

Nerve fibers in the skin are associated with

A) smooth muscles.
B) blood vessels.
C) sensory nerve endings.
D) hair follicles.
E) all of the above

When the body is overheated, the skin responds by
A) decreasing blood flow to the dermis.
B) increasing blood flow to the dermis.
C) decreasing melanin production.
D) increasing heart rate.
E) increasing keratin production.

The subcutaneous layer is made of

A) epithelium and loose connective tissues.
B) loose connective and adipose tissues.
C) epithelial tissue.
D) dense connective and loose connective tissues.
E) skeletal muscles and adipose tissue.

The hypodermis contains mostly

A) adipose tissue.
B) loose connective tissue.
C) epithelial tissue.
D) nervous tissue.
E) muscle tissue.

Injections made under the skin are called

A) epidermal injections.
B) hypodermal injections.
C) dermal injections.
D) subcutaneous injections.
E) intramuscular injections.

Shafts of hair are made by

A) dead dermal cells.
B) living dermal cells.
C) living epidermal cells
D) adipose cells.
E) dead epidermal cells.

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

A) sweat is released from sweat glands.
B) "goose bumps" are formed.
C) hairs are shed.
D) shivering occurs.
E) the skin changes color.

Accessory structures of the skin include

A) hair follicles.
B) arrector pili muscles.
C) sebaceous glands.
D) apocrine sweat glands.
E) all of the above

Temporary increases in hair loss can result from

A) drugs.
B) dietary factors.
C) radiation.
D) fever.
E) all of the above

Glands that are located in the ear canal are called
A) apocrine sweat glands.
B) ceruminous glands.
C) mammary glands.
D) sebaceous glands.
E) merocrine sweat glands.

Perspiration produced by apocrine sweat glands

A) is more than 99 percent water.
B) contains electrolytes and waste products.
C) helps to cool the body when it evaporates.
D) is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.
E) all of the above

The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

A) a boil.
B) a carbuncle.
C) acne.
D) a blister.
E) none of the above

Eccrine sweat glands

A) are most common in the axilla and groin.
B) respond primarily to elevated body temperature.
C) respond only in times of stress.
D) are active only in areas of dense hair.
E) all of the above

Sweat helps to cool the body by

A) conduction.
B) evaporation.
C) convection.
D) radiation
E) all of the above

Eccrine and sebaceous glands differ in

A) type of secretion.
B) material secreted.
C) location in the body.
D) their association with hair follicles.
E) all of the above

The glands that develop at puberty are

A) apocrine glands.
B) merocrine glands.
C) sweat glands.
D) dermal glands.
E) integumentary glands.

Specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called

A) merocrine sweat glands.
B) mammary glands.
C) apocrine sweat glands.
D) sebaceous glands.
E) ceruminous glands.

The pale cresent area of the nail is called the

A) free edge.
B) lunula.
C) nail bed.
D) nail root.
E) cuticle.

The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the

A) root.
B) cuticle.
C) bed.
D) free edge
E) body.

The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a

A) first-degree burn.
B) semi-partial-thickness burn.
C) partial-thickness burn.
D) third-degree burn.
E) second-degree burn.

A burn that penetrates the epidermis and part of the dermis is classified as a

A) first-degree burn.
B) fifth-degree burn.
C) second-degree burn.
D) third-degree burn.
E) fourth-degree burn.

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person?

A) Skin repairs take longer in the elderly.
B) The epidermis is thinner in the elderly.
C) There are fewer macrophages in the skin of the elderly.
D) The blood supply to the dermis is reduced in the skin of the elderly.
E) all of the above

A burn that involves only the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as

A) fourth degree.
B) second degree.
C) first degree.
D) a permanent-damage burn.
E) third degree.

This type of burn appears inflamed and tender but has no blisters.

A) first-degree burn
B) second-degree burn
C) third-degree burn
D) full-thickness burn
E) none of the above

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

A) nonpigmented dermal cells.
B) nonpigmented epithelial cells.
C) pigmented epithelial cells.
D) the hypodermis.
E) melanocytes.

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the stratum _________________.

The substance that gives the skin its waterproofing ability is _______________.

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called ______      .

__________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow.

Melanin serves to protect cells under the epidermis from ________________.

Exposure to _______________ radiation from the sun has the effect of increasing melanin production in the skin.

The ________________ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin and is responsible for the strength of the skin.

The thermostat for the body is the ____________.

The _________ glands function as scent glands.

The nail ______________ covers the nail bed

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) __________.

____________ are accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and the dermis.

Select the layer below that contains dividing cells.

A) stratum basale
B) stratum corneum
C) stratum spinosum
D) stratum lucidum

This layer is absent in thin skin.

A) stratum basale
B) stratum lucidum
C) stratum corneum
D) stratum spinosum

Which of the following terms refers to a yellowing of skin due to an abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood?

A) jaundice
B) albinism
C) cyanosis
D) erythema

Which of the following does not contribute to skin color?

A) hair color
B) erythrocytes
C) bilirubin
D) melanin
E) carotene

Blond hair

A) is a result of low amount of iron in the papillae.
B) has a sparse amount of melanin in the cortex.
C) contains air in the medulla.
D) normally has a flatter shaft than brown or black hair.
E) typically lacks a cuticle.

The hair of the fetus is called ___________.

A) nonexistent
B) vellus
C) vibrissae
D) terminal
E) lanugo

The oily secretion that prevents the skin from drying and cracking is

A) diaphoresis.
B) pheomelanin.
C) cerumen.
D) sebum.

These skin glands protect the ear.

A) mammary
B) ceruminous
C) merocrine
D) apocrine
E) sebaceous

In this type of burn, only the epidermis is involved.

A) third degree
B) second degree
C) first degree

Which type of skin graft is unlikely to cause an immune reaction?

A) homograft
B) isograft
C) allograft
D) xenograft

The single layer of cells that make up the stratum basale of the epidermis contains all of the following cell types except

A) fibroblasts.
B) Merkel cells.
C) keratinocytes.
D) melanocytes.

Which of the following types of cells divides by mitosis to replace the dead cells that exfoliate from the surface of your skin?

A) fibroblasts
B) Merkel cells
C) keratinocytes
D) melanocytes

Which layer is responsible for fingerprints?

A) stratum lucidum
B) stratum corneum
C) stratum basale
D) dermis

The epidermal layer that is dead and keratinized is the

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum granulosum.
C) stratum spinosum.
D) stratum lucidum.
E) stratum basale.

The major skin layer that normally has the greatest amount of adipocytes is the

A) epidermis.
B) stratum corneum.
C) hypodermis.
D) papillary layer.
E) stratum spinosum.

Cutaneous vasodilation is in response to

A) vitamin C synthesis.
B) cyanosis.
C) very warm conditions.
D) lack of sun.
E) jaundice.

Which part of the nail represents the growth zone?

A) the hyponychium
B) the nail body
C) lunule
D) the nail bed
E) nail matrix

Of the three types of hair we grow during our lives, which type is pigmented?

A) lanugo
B) terminal
C) vellus
D) keratinous

Fingernails grow about 1mm/week due to mitosis of cells in the

A) nail plate.
B) nail matrix.
C) eponychium
D) hyponychium.

Smooth muscle bundles attached to the hair root sheath are called
A) arrector pili.
B) sebaceous glands.
C) hair receptors.
D) epithelial roots.
E) merocrine glands.

Which of the following statements about sweat glands is incorrect?

A) Apocrine glands open onto hair follicles rather than a sweat pore.
B) Sweat glands are simple tubular glands lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium and emptied by a duct.
C) The 500 ml of insensible perspiration that we produce each day does not produce a wetness of the skin.
D) A milky perspiration containing fatty acids is secreted by merocrine sweat glands.

Which of the following has an excretory function?

A) endocrine glands
B) sebaceous gland
C) eccrine sweat gland
D) mammary glands

Which of the following is a fungus infection of the skin?

A) psoriasis
B) acne
C) warts
D) ringworm

Which of the following types of skin cancer is the least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes?

A) malignant melanoma
B) basal cell carcinoma
C) Kaposi sarcoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma

The epidermal water barrier is formed at the point where epidermal cells

A) enter the telogen phase.
B) pass from stratum spinosum to stratum granulosum.
C) form the epidermal ridges.
D) pass from stratum basale to stratum spinosum.
E) exfoliate

Which of the following skin conditions or appearances would most likely result from liver failure?

A) melanization
B) seborrheic dermatitis
C) jaundice
D) pallor
E) erythema

All of the following interfere with microbial invasion of the body except

A) melanization.
B) dendritic cells.
C) sebum.
D) keratinization.
E) the acid mantle.

The hair on a 6-year-old's arms is

A) rosacea.
B) terminal hair.
C) alopecia.
D) vellus.
E) lanugo.

Which of the following terms is least related to the rest?

A) nail plate
B) cortex
C) lunule
D) free edge
E) hyponychium

Which of the following is a scent gland?

A) eccrine gland
B) merocrine gland
C) sebaceous gland
D) apocrine gland
E) ceruminous gland

               are skin cells with a sensory role.

A) Keratinocyte
B) Dendritic cells
C) Melanocytes
D) Tactile cells
E) Stem cells

Which of the following glands produce the acid mantle?

A) apocrine sweat glands
B) merocrine sweat glands
C) ceruminous glands
D) sebaceous glands
E) mammary glands

Which of the following skin cells alert the immune system to pathogens?

A) keratinocytes
B) fibroblasts
C) dendritic cells
D) tactile cells
E) melanocytes

__________ is sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin.

A muscle that causes a hair to stand on end is called a/an __________.

The process of removing burned skin from a patient is called __________.

Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration in the blood is called __________.

Projections of the dermis toward the epidermis are called __________.

Cerumen is more commonly known as __________.

The holocrine glands that secrete into a hair follicle are called __________

Hairs grow only during the __________ phase of the hair cycle

A hair is nourished by blood vessels in a connective tissue projection called the __________.

A __________ burn destroys the entire dermis.

Dander consists of dead keratinocytes.

True/False
True False

The term integument means only the skin, but integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands.

True/False
True False

The dermis is composed mainly of keratin

True/False
True False

Vitamin D synthesis begins in certain cutaneous glands

True/False
True False

Cells of the stratum granulosum cannot undergo mitosis.

True/False
True False

Dermal papillae are better developed in skin subjected to a lot of mechanical stress than in skin subjected to less stress.

True/False
True False

The three layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

True/False
True False

People of African descent have a much higher density of epidermal melanocytes than do people of northern European descent.

True/False
True False

Pallor indicates a genetic lack of melanin.

True/False
True False

Apocrine sweat glands develop at the same time in life as the pubic and axillary hair

True/False
True False

The epidermis is made of this tissue:

A. dense irregular connective tissue
B. stratified squamous epithelium
C. adipose
D. loose connective tissue

These cells are responsible for the ability
of the epidermis to resist abrasion and reduce water loss:

A. Merkel cells
B. melanocytes
C. keratinocytes
D. Langerhans cells

This layer of skin replaces older cells that
desquamate with newer cells by mitosis:

A. stratum lucidum
B. stratum basale
C. stratum corneum
D. stratum granulosum

Thin skin:

A. is found on the back
B. lacks a stratum lucidum
C. contains hair
D. none of these
E. all of these

Cyanosis, blue tinted skin, is caused by
this:

  a. excess carotene
  b. decreased melanin production 
  c. decreased oxygen in the blood
  d. increased blood flow

The dermis is made of this kind of tissue:

  a. adipose
  b. epithelium
  c. connective
  d. keratin

This is not associated with the dermis:

  a. melanocytes
  b. nerve endings
  c. lymphatic vessels
  d. hair follicles

These lines of scar tissue are formed from
excess stretching of the skin:

  a. fingerprints
  b. dermal papillae
  c. cleavage (tension) lines
  d. striae

This layer contains blood vessels that  nourish the epidermis, remove wastes and
regulate body temperature:

  a. reticular layer
  b. hypodermis
  c. papillary layer
  d. stratum basale

Near birth, the hair on the scalp, eyelids
and eyebrows are replaced with this:

  a. terminal hair
  b. lanugo
  c. vellus hair

This layer of cells in the hair forms the
surface and contains hard keratin:

  a. medulla
  b. cortex
  c. cuticle
  d. dermal root sheath

These smooth muscles are attached to hair
follicles and contraction of them 
produces “goose bumps”:

  a. hairbulb
  b. arrector pili
  c. dermal root sheath
  d. epithelial root sheath

The nail is produced mostly by this:

  a. nail bed
  b. nail root
  c. nail fold
  d. nail matrix

This white crescent-shaped area is seen at
the base of the nail:

  a. nail bed
  b. nail fold
  c. lunula
  d. eponychium
  e. hyponychium

These sweat glands are responsible for
cooling the body:

  a. merocrine (eccrine)
  b. apocrine
  c. ceruminous
  d. sebaceous

These modified apocrine sweat glands are found in the breasts:

  a. ceruminous
  b. sebaceous
  c. mammary
  d. mucous

Sebaceous glands produce sebum, prevent
drying of the skin, protect against some bacteria, and are classified as holocrine.

True/ False
True False

This gland is involved with the production of
body odor:

  a. merocrine
  b. apocrine
  c. cermunious
  d. sebaceous

These glands located in the external auditory
meatus (ear canal) produce ear wax:

  a. apocrine
  b. ceruminous
  c. merocrine (eccrine)
  d. sebaceous

The major function of the skin is protection
from this:

  a. abrasion
  b. dehydration
  c. ultraviolet light
  d. entry of microorganisms
  e. all of these

This layer contains about half of the body’s
stored fat:

  a. epidermis
  b. dermis
  c. hypodermis (subcutaneous)
  d. stratum basale

This substance is synthesized in the skin and
increases blood calcium for normal nerve and muscle function:

  a. vitamin A
  b. vitamin B
  c. vitamin C
  d. vitamin D

This best describes the function of melanin
in the skin:

  a. reduces water loss
  b. protects against UV light
  c. helps regulate body temperature
  d. lubricates the skin

These are all effects of aging on the integumentary system except:

  a. decrease of elastic fibers
  b. loss of fat from hypodermis
  c. decrease of melanin production in hair
  d. increase of sweat gland activity

After the resting stage of hair growth, the
hair:

  a. grows more rapidly
  b. falls out
  c. shortens the hair follicle
  d. loses its pigmentation