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energy
the capacity to do work
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Kinetic energy
the energy of motion.- light, heat, ect.
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potential energy
energy that is stored. ex: gas in my gas tank.
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First law of Thermodynamics
Energy can not be created or destroyed.
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Second law of Thermodynamics.
Energy tends to disperse spontaneously.
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Entropy
Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed.
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What are the differences between Kinetic energy and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is in motion and potential energy is being stored.
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Explain energy flow.
from the environment -> to producers ->consumers -> back to environment.
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Reactant
a molecule that enters a reaction
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Product
A molecule that remains at the end of a reaction.
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Endergonic
Describes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed.(energy in) Store energy
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Exergonic
Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy. (releases energy)
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Activation Energy
Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction.
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Catalysis
The acceleration of a reaction by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction.
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Substrate
A molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme.
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Active state
Of an enzyme, pocket in which substrates bind and a reaction occurs.
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Transitional State
Point during a reaction at which substrate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously.
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Induced-fit modle
The concept that substrate binding to an active site of an enzyme improves the fit between the two molecules.
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What is the function of an enzyme?
It acts as a catalysis, it helps a reaction happen faster.
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What are the mechanisams of an enzyme?
- Helping substrates get together
- Orienting substrates in positions that favor reaction.
- Inducing a fit between enzyme and substrate
- Shutting out water molecules.
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Metabolic pathway
Series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel or break down an organic molecule.
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Feedback inhabition
mechanism in which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity.
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Allosteric
Describes a region of an enzyme that can bind a regulatory molecule and is not the active site.
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Redox reaction
Oxidation- reduction reaction, in which one molecule accepts electrons( it becomes reduced) from another molecule( which becomes oxidized).
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Electron transfer chain
Array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in usable increments.
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Heme
is a small organic compound with an iron atom at its center.
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Cofactor
A metal ion or a coenzyme that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function.
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Coenzyme
An organic molecule that is a cofactor.(they carry chemical groups,atoms,or electrons from one reaction to another in a metabolic pathway.
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Antioxidant
Substance that prevents oxidation of other molecules.
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Phosphprylation
Transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another.
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ATP
The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate.
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ATP/ADP cycle
Process by which cells regenerate ATP. ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms again as ADP gains a phosphate group.
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Fluid mosaic
Molecule of a cell membrane as a two-denominational fluid of mixed composition.
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Adhesion proteins
fasten cells together in the plasma membrane of animal cells. A membrane protein.
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Recognition protein
Plasma membrane protein that identifies a cell as belonging to self (one's own body).
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Receptor proteins
Plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell.
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Transport protein
Protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane.
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Diffusion
Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions in a liquid or gas.
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There are 5 factors that effect how quickly diffusion occurs:
- Size
- Temperature
- Concentration
- Charge
- Pressure
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Concentration
Number of molecules or ions per unit volume.
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Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration between adjoining regions of fluid.
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Hypotonic
Describes a fluid that has a low overall solute concentration relative to another fluid.
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Hypertonic
Describes a fluid that has a high overall solute concentration relative to another fluid.
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Isotonic
Describes two fluids with equal solute concentration.
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Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient.
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Turgor
Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it.
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Osmotic pressure
Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid.
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active transport
Energy-requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient.
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Calcium pump
Active transport protein; pumps calcium ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient.
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Passive transport
Mechanism by which a concentration gradient drives the movement of a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein. Requires no energy input.
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Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by the ballooning inward of its plasma membrane.
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Exocytosis
Process by which a cell expels a vesicle's contents to extracellular fluid.
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phagocytosis
"Cell eating"; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfes particles such as microbes or cell debris.
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pinocytosis
Endocytosis of bulk materials
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