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starshooter102
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Anatomy
- science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms
- Means "to cut apart"
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Physiology
- study of functions of body and functions of all of its parts
- (systems, organs, tissues, cells, and cell components)
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Gross Anatomy Lab
- dissection of animals
- What can be seen with the naked eye
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Physiology Lab
students usually perform experiments on anesthetized loving animals to understand normal function of body and effects of environmental changes
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"ology"
- means branch of knowledge or science
- is added to root word referring to system
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Rostral
toward the nose once on the skull
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Median Plane
- Also known as the midsagittal plain
- divides the body into equal right and left halves
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Saggittal plane
plane parallel to median plane
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Transverse plane
- at right angle to median plane
- Divides body into cranial and caudal segments
- "loaf of bread"
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Medial
toward the center of the body
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Lateral
- toward the side (away from middle of body)
- Ex. ribs are lateral to lungs
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Dorsal
- toward the backbone or vertebral column
- Ex. kidneys are dorsal to intestines
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Ventral
- toward the abdominal wall - belly
- Ex. udder is most ventral part of cow
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Superficial and external
- proximity to the skin or surface of body
- Ex. hair is superficial to all other structures
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Proximal
- close to given part (usually trunk of body)
- usually used in reference to protions of an extremity or limb
- knee is proximal to foot
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Distal
- toward the foot or away from the trunk of the body
- Ex. hoof is distal to knee
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Palmar
toward the palm of the forelimb
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Plantar
toward the sole of the hindlimb
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Prone
dorsal aspect of the body is uppermost
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Supine
Ventral aspect of the body is uppermost
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Cell
most basic unit that can sustain life
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4 Different types of tissues
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
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6 Vital functions of epithelial tissues
- 1. protect, cover, line
- 2. filter biochemical substances
- 3. absorb nutrients
- 4. provide sensory input
- 5. Manufacture excretions
- 6. Manufacture secretions
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2 different classification of epithelia
- Simple - one layer of cells
- Stratified - Multiple layers of cells
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Cell shapes
- Squamous - flat
- Cuboidal - cube
- Columnar - rectangular
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8 Types of epithelia
- Simple squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar
- Stratified squamous
- Stratified Cuboidal
- Stratified Columnar
- Pseudostratified columnar
- Transitional
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Endocrine Glands
- secretions stay in body
- no ducts
- Ex. Hormones
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Exocrine Glands
- secretions that leave the body
- Ex. Sweat, urine, milk, mucus
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3 methods of glandular secretions
- Merocrine
- Apocrine
- Holocrine
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Merocrine secretions
cell remains intact, protein leaves
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Apocrine secretion
part of the cell breaks off
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3 distinct components of connective tissue
- Ground Substance/matrix
- Extracellular fibers
- Cells
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Ground substance
- amorphous, homogeneous material ranges from liquid to gel to solid
- found in blood and bones
- exchange of nutrients and waste, cushions and protects cells
- Barrier to invading microorganisms
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3 types of extracellular fibers
- Collagenous
- Reticular
- Elastic
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Collagenous fibers
- structural protein collagen
- thick parallel bundles
- tremendous strength
- found in tendons and ligaments
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Reticular
- composed of collagen
- thin, delicate, branched
- form a complete network
- found in lymph nodes, spleen, liver
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Elastic
- composed of elastin
- complex network
- coiled - spring like
- Found in lungs, skin, vocal cords, and the walls of the blood vessles
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2 Cell types for connective tissue
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Fixed connective tissues
- Fibroblast
- Adipocytes
- Reticular
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Fibroblast
general name, varies by type of tissue produced
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Adipocytes
lipids, cushions, fat
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Reticular
makes reticular fibers
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Wandering connective tissues
- Mast
- Leukocytes
- Macrophages
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Mast cells
secrete, responsible for allergic reactions
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Leukocytes
white blood cells
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Macrophages
- "garbage men"
- clear damage debris
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Classifications of connective tissue
- Areolar
- Adipose
- Reticular
- Dense Fibrous
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular
- Elastic
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Classifications of specialized connecting tissue
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3 types of cartilage
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
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Chondro
refers to cartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
- most common type of cartilage
- closely packed collagen fibers
- most rigid type of cartilage
- articular cartilage (type of cartilage at the end of joints)
- rings of cartilage
- growth plates
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Elastic cartilage
- numerous branching bundles of elastic fibers
- very flexable
- epiglottis
- larynx
- pinna (ears)
- covered by a perichondrium
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Fibrocartilage
- thick bundles of collagen fibers
- fewer chondrocytes
- lacks a perichondrium
- capable of withstanding compression
- found merged with connective tissue
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Matrix
- gelatin like substance
- composed of proteins and polysaccharides
- collagen fibers
- infiltrated with calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals
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Cartilage is made up of
- Chondrocytes
- Lacunae
- Chondroitin sulfate
- Perichondrium (not all types)
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Bone
- is a connective tissue
- Makes up the structure
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Specialized matrix
organic collagen fibers, calcium, and phosphate
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Bone cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
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Osteocytes
surrounded by matrix
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Osteoclasts
capable of destroying and breaking down bone
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Haversian system
light compact system of cylindrical bone
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Haversian canals
composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
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Volkmanns canals
- channels in bone that run through the matrix
- Blood vessels pass through
- nutrient foramen is the opening
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Canaliculi
channels through bone connecting lacunae
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Lacuna
Spaces in the bone
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Periosteum
connective tissue that surrounds bones
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Epiphysis
ends of a long bone
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Epiphyseal plate
- still composed of hyaline cartilage
- the growth plate
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Articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage
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Diaphysis
the region between epiphysis
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Yellow marrow
- composed of fat/adapose
- found in newborns
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Red marrow
tissue that makes cells that leave the marrow
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5 functions of bone
- support
- protection
- leverage
- storage
- blood cell formation
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Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
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Ossification
mineralization of the matrix
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Endochondrial ossification
- when long bones start as hyaline cartilage
- Cartilage model > long bones > Diaphysis (primary growth center) > Epiphyses (secondary)
- Ex. during fetal development
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Intramembranous ossification
- flat bones of the cranium
- fibrous tissue membrane covering fetal brain
- bone formation occurs directly in the membrane
- no cartilage model
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Os & osteo
refers to bones
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Bone
- second hardest substance in the body
- living tissue with the ability to repair itself
- specialized connective tissue composed of matrix, cells, fibers
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4 bone shapes
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular
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Long bones
- longer then it is wide
- tibia
- femur
- humerus
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short bones
carpals and tarsals
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flat bones
bones of the skull, mandible, and collar bone
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irregular bones
- Any bone that doesn't fit in the other three categories
- bones of the vertebrae
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