Lecture Test 1

• science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms
• Means "to cut apart"

• study of functions of body and functions of all of its parts
• (systems, organs, tissues, cells, and cell components)

• dissection of animals 
• What can be seen with the naked eye

students usually perform experiments on anesthetized loving animals to understand normal function of body and effects of environmental changes

• means branch of knowledge or science
• is added to root word referring to system

Toward the skull

Toward the tail

toward the nose once on the skull

• Also known as the midsagittal plain 
• divides the body into equal right and left halves

plane parallel to median plane

• at right angle to median plane
• Divides body into cranial and caudal segments
• "loaf of bread"

toward the center of the body

• toward the side (away from middle of body)
• Ex. ribs are lateral to lungs

• toward the backbone or vertebral column
• Ex. kidneys are dorsal to intestines

• toward the abdominal wall - belly
• Ex. udder is most ventral part of cow

• proximity to the skin or surface of body
• Ex. hair is superficial to all other structures 

• close to given part (usually trunk of body)
• usually used in reference to protions of an extremity or limb
• knee is proximal to foot

• toward the foot or away from the trunk of the body
• Ex. hoof is distal to knee

toward the palm of the forelimb

toward the sole of the hindlimb

dorsal aspect of the body is uppermost

Ventral aspect of the body is uppermost

most basic unit that can sustain life

• Epithelial 
• Connective 
• Muscle
• Nervous

• 1. protect, cover, line
• 2. filter biochemical substances 
• 3. absorb nutrients 
• 4. provide sensory input
• 5. Manufacture excretions 
• 6. Manufacture secretions 

• Simple - one layer of cells
• Stratified - Multiple layers of cells

• Squamous - flat
• Cuboidal - cube
• Columnar - rectangular 

• Simple squamous
• Simple Cuboidal
• Simple Columnar
• Stratified squamous
• Stratified Cuboidal 
• Stratified Columnar
• Pseudostratified columnar
• Transitional

• secretions stay in body 
• no ducts
• Ex. Hormones 

• secretions that leave the body 
• Ex. Sweat, urine, milk, mucus

• Merocrine
• Apocrine
• Holocrine

cell remains intact, protein leaves

part of the cell breaks off

Cell ruptures 

• Ground Substance/matrix
• Extracellular fibers 
• Cells

• amorphous, homogeneous material ranges from liquid to gel to solid 
• found in blood and bones
• exchange of nutrients and waste, cushions and protects cells
• Barrier to invading microorganisms 

• Collagenous
• Reticular
• Elastic

• structural protein collagen  
• thick parallel bundles 
• tremendous strength 
• found in tendons and ligaments 

• composed of collagen 
• thin, delicate, branched
• form a complete network 
• found in lymph nodes, spleen, liver

• composed of elastin
• complex network 
• coiled - spring like 
• Found in lungs, skin, vocal cords, and the walls of the blood vessles

• Fixed
• Wandering

• Fibroblast 
• Adipocytes 
• Reticular 

general name, varies by type of tissue produced

lipids, cushions, fat

makes reticular fibers

• Mast
• Leukocytes 
• Macrophages

secrete, responsible for allergic reactions

white blood cells 

• "garbage men" 
• clear damage debris

• Areolar 
• Adipose 
• Reticular 
• Dense Fibrous 
• Dense regular 
• Dense irregular 
• Elastic 

• Cartilage 
• Blood
• Bone 

• Hyaline
• Elastic 
• Fibrocartilage 

refers to cartilage 

• most common type of cartilage 
• closely packed collagen fibers 
• most rigid type of cartilage 
• articular cartilage (type of cartilage at the end of joints)
• rings of cartilage 
• growth plates

• numerous branching bundles of elastic fibers
• very flexable 
• epiglottis 
• larynx 
• pinna (ears)
• covered by a perichondrium 

• thick bundles of collagen fibers 
• fewer chondrocytes 
• lacks a perichondrium 
• capable of withstanding compression 
• found merged with connective tissue 

• gelatin like substance 
• composed of proteins and polysaccharides 
• collagen fibers 
• infiltrated with calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

• Chondrocytes
• Lacunae
• Chondroitin sulfate
• Perichondrium (not all types)

• is a connective tissue 
• Makes up the structure

• Cancellous 
• Compact

organic collagen fibers, calcium, and phosphate

calcium

• Osteoblasts
• Osteocytes 
• Osteoclasts

bone builders

surrounded by matrix

capable of destroying and breaking down bone

light compact system of cylindrical bone

composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

• channels in bone that run through the matrix
• Blood vessels pass through
• nutrient foramen is the opening

channels through bone connecting lacunae

Spaces in the bone

connective tissue that surrounds bones

ends of a long bone

• still composed of hyaline cartilage 
• the growth plate

hyaline cartilage

the region between epiphysis

• composed of fat/adapose 
• found in newborns

tissue that makes cells that leave the marrow

• support
• protection
• leverage
• storage
• blood cell formation

blood cell formation

mineralization of the matrix

• when long bones start as hyaline cartilage
• Cartilage model > long bones > Diaphysis (primary growth center) > Epiphyses (secondary)
• Ex. during fetal development

• flat bones of the cranium 
• fibrous tissue membrane covering fetal brain 
• bone formation occurs directly in the membrane 
• no cartilage model

refers to bones

• second hardest substance in the body 
• living tissue with the ability to repair itself
• specialized connective tissue composed of matrix, cells, fibers

• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones 
• irregular

• longer then it is wide
• tibia
• femur
• humerus

carpals and tarsals

bones of the skull, mandible, and collar bone

• Any bone that doesn't fit in the other three categories 
• bones of the vertebrae