Gene Expression

It's the process through which the information encoded in genes is converted into an active product. (usually a protein)  This includes transcription and translation of a gene and in some cases protein activation. ( this is how the gene "expresses" itself. The information on the gene is produced through this process)

Gene Expression

(A section of DNA that encodes information for building functional RNA) "original copy"

It carries the instructions for making and maintaining an organism.

Made of DNA

Most code for proteins.

Gene

The long accepted hypothesis that information in cells flows in one direction DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins.

Central Dogma

Transcription

DNA to RNA in central dogma

RNA to Protein in central dogma

Translation

Sequence of DNA Bases  (all the genes that make up an individual.)

Genotype

Physical Characteristics determined by proteins. (it's what you see. Eye color / hair color/texture )

Phenotype

A particular version of a gene. (specific DNA sequence of a gene)

• –different
• alleles usually produce different proteins thus, different phenotypes.

Allele

3 bases in RNA that code for a single amino acid in protein.

Codon

Some Amino Acids are coded for by more than one codon.

Genetic Code Redundancy

Start and stop

Yes, if DNA sequence is known then you can predict the RNA and protein sequences.

5 to 3 direction

•any permanent change in an organism’s DNA

–changes genotype

• –can change phenotype
• most mutations occur during gene copying.

Mutation

single base change

Often result from DNA replication errors

Point Mutation

• Silent
• Missense (replacement)
• Nonsense
• Frameshift

Types of mutations

Change in nucleotide that does not change amino acid specified by codon.Causes a change in genotype but no change in phenotype.

Silent Mutation

• "Could be really bad, or have no effect at all"
• Change in nucleotide that changes amino acids specified by codon. Results in change of primary structure in protein. ( a point mutation)

Missense or replacement mutation

Change in nucleotide that that results in early  stop codon. Causes premature termination.

Nonsense

Addition of deletion of a nucleotide. Reading frame is shifted. "Massive missense" everything after one slip up is wrong.

Frameshift

review

The understanding of Central dogma

• •Sequence
• analysis – predict genes and proteins

• •Cancer
• mutation analysis

• •Comparative
• genomics – analyze similar genes between organisms

• •Protein
• structure prediction

• •Protein
• interactions predictions

• •Gene
• regulation prediction

Bioinformatics

Good example :English Bulldogs

selective cross breeding for a specific trait (corn, dogs)

Traditional Modification

altering specific genes

Current Modification

Gene guns. Genes from a different organism can be added directly to plant tissue to be more pest resistant.

Yes, except for identical twins.

•Restriction enzyme digestion

•Gel electrophoresis

•Molecular cloning

Repeats are unique to each person. They are copies of the DNA that are broken up and reinserted in different patterns

Common Molecular Techniques

Cut DNA at specific sequences (recognition sites)

–Most sites are palindromes

Restriction enzyme digestion

read the same in either direction

Palindrome

• •Agarose
• gel forms matrix
• with pores

• •DNA
• moves toward (+) electrode
• Small molecules move faster so
• DNA fragments are separated by size

Visualize DNA with dye

Gel Electrophoresis

•Ligate (add) gene into plasmid

• •Plasmid
• – self replicating DNA with drug
• resistance gene

•Add plasmid/insert into host cell

Molecular cloning