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Gene Expression
It's the process through which the information encoded in genes is converted into an active product. (usually a protein) This includes transcription and translation of a gene and in some cases protein activation. ( this is how the gene "expresses" itself. The information on the gene is produced through this process)
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It's the process through which the information encoded in genes is
converted into an active product. (usually a protein) This includes
transcription and translation of a gene and in some cases protein activation.
Gene Expression
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Gene
(A section of DNA that encodes information for building functional RNA) "original copy"
It carries the instructions for making and maintaining an organism.
Made of DNA
Most code for proteins.
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(A section of DNA that encodes information for building functional RNA) "original copy"It carries the instructions for making and maintaining an organism.Made of DNA Most code for proteins.
Gene
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Central Dogma
The long accepted hypothesis that information in cells flows in one direction DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins.
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The long accepted hypothesis that information in cells flows in one direction DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins.
Central Dogma
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Transcription
DNA to RNA in central dogma
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Translation
RNA to Protein in central dogma
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RNA to Protein in central dogma
Translation
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Genotype
Sequence of DNA Bases (all the genes that make up an individual.)
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Sequence of DNA Bases (all the genes that make up an individual.)
Genotype
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Phenotype
Physical Characteristics determined by proteins. (it's what you see. Eye color / hair color/texture )
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Physical Characteristics determined by proteins. (it's what you see. Eye color / hair color/texture )
Phenotype
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Allele
A particular version of a gene. (specific DNA sequence of a gene)
- –different
- alleles usually produce different proteins thus, different phenotypes.
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A particular version of a gene. (specific DNA sequence of a gene) –differentalleles usually produce different proteins thus, different phenotypes.
Allele
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Codon
3 bases in RNA that code for a single amino acid in protein.
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3 bases in RNA that code for a single amino acid in protein.
Codon
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Genetic code redundancy
Some Amino Acids are coded for by more than one codon.
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When some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
Genetic Code Redundancy
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What do special codons do?
Start and stop
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Can you predict amino acid sequences?
Yes, if DNA sequence is known then you can predict the RNA and protein sequences.
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How do you read RNA polymerase?
5 to 3 direction
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Mutation
•any permanent change in an organism’s DNA
–changes genotype
- –can change phenotype
- most mutations occur during gene copying.
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any permanent change in an organism’s DNA–changes genotype–can change phenotype
Mutation
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Point mutation
single base change
Often result from DNA replication errors
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single base change
Often result from DNA replication errors
Point Mutation
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Types of Mutations
- Silent
- Missense (replacement)
- Nonsense
- Frameshift
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Silent
Missense (replacement)
Nonsense
Frameshift
Types of mutations
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Silent Mutation
Change in nucleotide that does not change amino acid specified by codon.Causes a change in genotype but no change in phenotype.
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Change in nucleotide that does not change amino acid specified by codon.Causes a change in genotype but no change in phenotype.
Silent Mutation
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Missense (replacement)
- "Could be really bad, or have no effect at all"
- Change in nucleotide that changes amino acids specified by codon. Results in change of primary structure in protein. ( a point mutation)
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"Could be really bad, or have no effect at all" Change in nucleotide that changes amino acids specified by codon. Results in change of primary structure in protein. (a point mutation)
Missense or replacement mutation
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Nonsense
Change in nucleotide that that results in early stop codon. Causes premature termination.
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Change in nucleotide that that results in early stop codon. Causes premature termination.
Nonsense
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Frameshift
Addition of deletion of a nucleotide. Reading frame is shifted. "Massive missense" everything after one slip up is wrong.
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Addition of deletion of a nucleotide. Reading frame is shifted. "Massive missense" everything after one slip up is wrong.
Frameshift
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What led to the ability to manipulate and analyze DNA of organisms in biotechnology?
The understanding of Central dogma
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BIOINFORMATICS
- •Sequence
- analysis – predict genes and proteins
- •Comparative
- genomics – analyze similar genes between organisms
- •Protein
- structure prediction
- •Protein
- interactions predictions
- •Gene
- regulation prediction
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•Sequence
analysis – predict genes and proteins
•Cancer
mutation analysis
•Comparative
genomics – analyze similar genes between organisms
•Protein
structure prediction
•Protein
interactions predictions
•Gene
regulation prediction
Bioinformatics
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GENETICALLY-MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Good example :English Bulldogs
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Traditional modification
selective cross breeding for a specific trait (corn, dogs)
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selective cross breeding for a specific trait (corn, dogs)
Traditional Modification
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Current modification
altering specific genes
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altering specific genes
Current Modification
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How can plant genes be modified?
Gene guns. Genes from a different organism can be added directly to plant tissue to be more pest resistant.
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Does every individual have unique DNA?
Yes, except for identical twins.
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What are some COMMON MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES?
•Restriction enzyme digestion
•Gel electrophoresis
•Molecular cloning
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 Describe what repeats mean in this image.
Repeats are unique to each person. They are copies of the DNA that are broken up and reinserted in different patterns
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•Restriction enzyme digestion
•Gel electrophoresis
•Molecular cloning
Common Molecular Techniques
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RESTRICTION ENZYME DIGESTION
Cut DNA at specific sequences (recognition sites)
–Most sites are palindromes
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Cut DNA at specific sequences (recognition sites)
Most sites are palindromes
Restriction enzyme digestion
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palindromes
read the same in either direction
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read the same in either direction
Palindrome
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GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
- •Agarose
- gel forms matrix
- with pores
- •DNA
- moves toward (+) electrode
- Small molecules move faster so
- DNA fragments are separated by size
Visualize DNA with dye
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•Agarose
gel forms matrix
with pores
•DNA
moves toward (+) electrode
•Small
molecules move faster so
DNA fragments are separated by size
•Visualize
DNA with dye
Gel Electrophoresis
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MOLECULAR CLONING
•Ligate (add) gene into plasmid
- •Plasmid
- – self replicating DNA with drug
- resistance gene
•Add plasmid/insert into host cell
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•Ligate
(add) gene into plasmid
•Plasmid
– self replicating DNA with drug
resistance gene
•Add
plasmid/insert into host cell
Molecular cloning
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