MLAS MIDTERM

• countries that were once colonized by the Spanish, Portuguese in the New world
• includes most of central America, South America and Carribean

• both relate to colonialism
• latino(a)-implies new world influences
• Hispanic- stresses spain influence

• 1.establishment of extractive industries- extract wealth(mining)
• 2. establishment of large plantations- sugar cane-> wealth to large landowners.
• 3.Establishment of peon/slave labor-(indians and Africans
• 4. Catholic church- used as a reason for conquest(save souls) and conscience of empire.
• 5. "Colombian exchange"-mixing of old and new world (coffee and cattle for disease corn and chocolate)
• 6.Unequal distrib.of land-spanish crown granted settlers right of land and indians
• 7. Unequal dist. of wealth- rich very rich poor very poort
• 8. Social Hierachy based on eth & race- limited access to land ownership and political rep.
• 9. Patriarchal family-wealth->eldest male women primary role of daughter and mother
• 10.emergence of "mestizo"-mixing of euro.,African and Spanish blood.

the mixing of beliefs and tradition between African and Catholic religions

• Mestizo:mixing of European, African and Spanish blood
• Creole:Spaniards born in the new world
• ladino:"acculturated" indios tend to be elite

Spanish crown granted Spainards over Indians (& defacto to their land)

• plantations: African slave labor geared toward export
• hacienda: peoned land used for internal consumption

indigenous comm. usually in undesirable area often retained pre Colombian land relations

• large haciendas were to broken up and returned to smallholders to try and promote equality because of the concern for peasant "rebellions"
• unsucessful because the rich would not disnfranchise themselves and the land was of poor quality

• 19th-Early Independence, establishment of states, growth of mestizo populations, power struggle between "liberals" & "conservatives", and the stagnation & slow promotion of capitalism.
• 20th-economic resurgence-open to free trade & foreign investment

began in the 1980s :World bank imposed economic policies that encouraged the repayment of debt by reducing gov. spending(schools,health-care,subsidies)

policies put into place for structural adjustment that promoted free trade,free markets,no gov. intervention in markets and the privatization of industries(petroleum,schools)

• populist presidents reemerged as a response to structural adjustment and neoliberism 
• adopt politics that skew public policies to help benefit the poor
• prompting social welfare

places where indigenous people fled to in colonial period-land was not prosperous

• diffusion-the transmission of culture traits from one group to another (guns,goods,bead)
• acculturation-long term intensive contact resulting in changes for both groups

• Military dictatorship trying to justify itself, huge population of landless peasants sent to Amazon to allow opportunity
• Gov subsidized cattle ranching because wanted to send brazilians to Acre to prevent Acre from becoming independent

• Indians-face extinction or integration constantky resetteled every few yrs (hard to demarcate land)
• loggers-land claims by clearing bankrupt sustainable develop. cut and run
• miners-rough crowd, dangerous wrk, indep or corp. causes pollution to water
• ranchers-significant deforestation, not sustainable
• rubber tappers-organized in base comm.
• idealist-liberation theory(communism,some killed)
• "river people"-w/o FUNAI protectionfarm on flood plain poisened by mercury from gold extraction.
• African

• sustainable-based on 3 ideas economically sound, ecologically balanced, and socially "just"
• unsustainable-

• using Catholicism for social change
• dont turn the other cheek
• non violent efforts to attain rights through BASE COMMUNITIES->communism