-
the ability to engage in reasoned discourse with
intellectual standards such as accuracy, clarity, precision and logic.
Critical thinking
-
the art, practice, and study of human communication
-The faculty of discovering in any particular case all available means of persuasion
-The study of misunderstandings
-Use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols
-The use of reason and evidence by both sides who express their opinions on matters and issues, expose their opponents weak points, and eventually achieve a correct view point and mutual understanding.
rhetoric
-
refers to the character, quality, or integrity of the person speaking. Character traits that make a speaker believable and worth of an audience’s attention
Ethos
-
beliefs, attitudes, and values, along with behaviors that provide a logical basis for a culture to define what is necessary, right, doubtful, or forbidden
Core Cultural Resources
-
culture with no writing or technology for recording messages
Oral Culture
-
theory proposing that face to face conversation is the prototype that is foundational to all other communication
Dialogical theory of communication
-
the fear or dread of negative responses you might experience because you speak out
Communication apprehension
-
fear or dread specifically related to speaking in public
Public speaking anxiety
-
5 Canons of rhetoric- principles, standards, norms, or guidelines for creating and delivering a speech
Invention- creating the speech
Disposition- Organizing the content
Style- selecting appropriate language
Memory- Learning the speech
Delivery- Performing to an audience
Canons of Rhetoric
-
canon of memory- guidelines to help you remember ideas
manuscript delivery- reading a speech
extemporaneous delivery – preparing a speech carefully in advance but choosing the exact wording during the speech itself
canon of delivery- rules or standards for presenting a speech
canons of memory and delivery
-
choose vocabulary that fit both the occasion and the audience. Adapting to occupation, age, education level
- omit offensive language
- choose understandable words. Avoid words your audience doesn’t know unless if you want to define them.
- Minimize slang expressions. Language in speeches is more formal than language used in every-day conversation.
Canon of Style
-
Canon of disposition- guidelines for organizing a speech
Introduction- draws audience attention, make topic relateable, like yourself, preview major points
Speech body-present develop major ideas with evidence
2 main points with 2 ways to support those
Conclusion- provide sense of closure, tie ideas together
♣ Transition to coclusion
♣ Reference to introduction
♣ Summary of major ideas
♣ Memorable statement
- Connect your ideas
Connectives- words used to tie ideas together
The Canon of disposition or arrangement
-
Consider the audience and the setting- -Gender/age, region, clothing, knowing audiences beliefs/attitudes
-Consider the layout of room, ventilation, size
- Choose a Topic
-Understand your expectations, reveal something unusual, select significant topic, consider story, consider listerns sensibilities, practice your idea with people you trust
- Identify Your Purpose
Inform, Persuade, Entertain, Commemorate
- Gather Speech Materials
Canon of invention
-
physiological mechanism your body automatically activates when threatened, helps you fight or flee
fight or flight mechanism
-
identifying negative thoughts and replacing them with positive ones. promoting positivity, maintaining positive self image, thinking realistically, etc.
cognitive modification
-
self-control or moderation, contrasts with arrogance, civil speakers persuade consult and compromise rather than coerce and manipulate
civility
-
presenting the words, images, or ideas of others as if they were your own
plagiarism
-
copying material word for word and then patching it together without quotation marks or citations
cut and paste plagiarism
-
changing some words of a basic source but keeping the basic structure and ideas intact without citing the source
Improper paraphrase
-
physical process involving soundwaves, eardrums receptors
Hearing
-
active process that receives, distinguishes, and attends to, assigns meaning, and remembers what you hear
Listening
-
place someone in a category ad then assume the person fits the characteristics of that category
Stereotype
-
performed biases or judgements, whether negative or positive
prejudice
-
mental models that guide your perception, interpretation, storage and recollection of speech
schemas
-
the difference between the rate you think(500 words per minute) and the average speaking rate (about 150 words per minute) differential=350
speech-though differential
-
listening to learn, understand, or get information
comprehensive listening
-
listening that requires you to refelect and weigh the merits of messages before you accept them
critical listening
-
posture, eye contact, distance, movements
non-verbal feedback
-
represents communication as a process in which
speakers and listeners work together to create mutual meanings
Transactional model of communication
-
the speaker encodes a message by selecting words to
represent their ideas. The speaker considers the audience’s interests, and
backgrounds when encoding.
Source/Speaker
-
Conception of thought. You decide what message you want to
present.
idea
-
A messages purpose may be to inform or persuade.Your message is presented in a way your audience can understand.
Message/symbols
-
face to face, voice to ear channel, along with non
–verbal channels such as gestures or tone of voice.
Medium/Verbal-Non-verbal
-
receivers hear your words and decode them. They create individual meanings out of their judgment, backgrounds, heritage. Each listener
filters thoughts differently
Receiver/decode
-
the audience sends feedback. Nodding, clapping,
smiling, heckling, look of confusion, YOUTUBE comments
Response/Feedback
-
noise intereferes with message reception.
Internal—headache external—vacuum cleaner
internal/external noise
-
environment the transmission of message is sent in.
classroom, email, comment section
communication environment
|
|