Biomedical Core

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  1. The parathyroid glands are
    small, round masses of tissue attached to the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid.
  2. There are usually two parathyroid glands attached to each
    lobe of the thyroid, one superior and one inferior
  3. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the
    parathyroid glands.
  4. Parathyroid hormone:
    • *Increases blood Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels by:
    •    - Stimulating osteoclastic activity
    •    - Increasing Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the GI tract by increasing levels of calcitrol (vitamin D)

    *Decreases blood HPO42- by increasing loss of HPO42- in the urine.
  5. Actions of Parathyroid Hormone
    Increases blood calcium levels

    Increases blood magnesium levels

    Decreases blood phosphate levels

    Increases levels of calcitriol (active from vitamin D)
  6. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are
    antagonists
  7. The goal of PTH is to ________ blood calcium levels.  Calcitonin wants to ______ them.
    increase; lower
  8. There are two adrenal glands, one superior to each
    kidney
  9. Each adrenal gland consists of two regions, the
    adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
  10. Adrenal Glands:

    The cortex is peripherally located and makes up
    80-90% of the total weight of the gland.
  11. The adrenal medullae secrete two hormones,
    epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline
  12. The majority of the hormone secreted is
    epinephrine, about 80%
  13. The adrenal cortex has three functional zones. What are they and what do they secrete?
    -Zona glomerulosa- produces and secretes the mineralocorticoids.

    - Zona fasciculata - produces and secretes the glucocorticoids.

    - Zona reticularis - produces and secretes the gonadocorticoids.
  14. CRH stimulates the release of ACTH, which in turn stimulates the release of the
    cortical hormones
  15. The adrenal medulla secretions are very similar to the effects of the
    sympathetic nervous system
  16. Adrenal Medulla:

    Medulla
    -Secretes epinephrine and some norephinephrine.

    -Innervated by sympathetic preganglionics.

    -Acts similar to a sympathetic postganglionic

    -The secretions of the medulla duplicate and prolong the sympathetic response.
  17. Adrenal Cortical Hormones:

    Mineralocorticoids help control
    water and electrolyte balance.

    -Aldosterone plays the larges role of the mineralocorticoids.

      *Conserves Na+ and H2O through re absorption in the kidneys

    *Promotes the excretion of H+ and K+ into the urine.
  18. Aldosterone
    Most important mechanism for control of aldosterone is the RAAS

    This pathway is stimulated by one or more of the following.

    • -decrease in blood volume
    • -dehydration
    • -Na+ deficiency
    • -hemorrhage

    All stimuli result in a decrease in blood pressure.
  19. The low blood pressure stimulates
    juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys to secrete the enzyme renin
  20. Renin converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen produced in the liver into
    angiotensin I
  21. As angiotensin I circulates to the lings, an enzyme called
    ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
  22. Angiotensin II has two effects:
    Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret aldosterone

    Vasoconstrictor
  23. Cortisol is a person's anti-
    hypoglycemic hormone
  24. Effects of Glucocorticoids
    Regulate metabolism

    Protein breakdown, mainly in muscle fibers, to free up amino acids for ATP production or synthesis of other proteins.

    Stimulates liver cells to convert amino acids and lactic acid to glucos (gluconeogenesis)

    Stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides to release fatty acids into the blood.

    Inhibit the activity of white blood cells that participate in inflammation

    Stress resistance
  25. Corticol is the main player of the
    glucocorticoids.
  26. Gonadocorticoids
    -weak androgens

    - in males, androgens are converted to testosterone.

    - in females, the androgens are converted to testosterone and finally estrogen.

    *The relatively small amount of estrogen produced from the androgens is insignificant, but after menopause, the secretion of estrogen from the adrenal gland may prove beneficial.
  27. The androgens contribute to the development of
    secondary sex characteristics in both sexes, and they promote the female libido (sex drive)

Card Set Information

Author:
 faulkner116
ID:
 200708
Filename:
 Biomedical Core
Updated:
2013-02-15 07:07:26
Tags:
Module14
Folders:

Description:
Objective 21-27
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