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Basic Principes
- Human beings are info processors; therefore, mental
- processes guide behavior
The mind can be studied scientifically
- Cognitive process are influenced by social and cultural
- factors
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Latent Learning
A term used by Tolman to describe situations in which learning is distinct from the performance of a behavior
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Cognitive Maps
Mental representation of learned relationships among stimuli
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Entry-level sensory analysis
bottom-up processing
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Interpreting sensations
top-down processing
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A sudden change in the way one organizes a problem situation, typically characterized by a change in behavior from random responding to rule-based responding
Kohler and insight
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Disagreed with behaviorists as CLOA believed that the mind can be studied scientifically.
Reaction against traditional behaviorists
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The emphasis on mediating processes is central to the cognitive approach
Mediation
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What we already know will influence the outcome of information processing
Schema theory
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Info we add in, in order to make sense of
something
distortions
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What are the strengths of the schema theory?
Schemas affect cognitive processes such as memory.
- Quite useful for understanding how people categorize
- information, interpret stories,and make inferences.
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What are the limitations of the schema theory?
- It is not entirely clear how schemas are acquired in the
- first place and how they actually influence cognitive processes.
Too vague
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Sensory info enters or LTM info enters info is directed based on auditory or visual elements
Working Memory
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Much of what we learn we may quickly forget
The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time
forgetting curve
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This is the process of transforming sensory
information into the long-term memory
encoding
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The idea that we remember the first and last item of a collection more accurately.
Serial position effect
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Craik and Lockhart: Theory that semantic memory is deeper and more accurately remembered
levels of processing
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Creating a biological trace of information in your brain.
Holding information for later reference.
Storage
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fleeting photographic memory, very short.
iconic memory
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momentary sensory info from auditory stimuli.
echoic memory
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things that bring to mind information that you
have stored
retrieval
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the idea of showing subliminal messages in order to prepare the person for the upcoming question.
priming
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The theory that you remember information better when you attempt to recall it from the state in which you learned it.
state-dependent theory
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Proactive and retroactive interference
Proactive is interference in memory that happens after the event, retroactive happens from an experience before that memory.
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Explicit Memory
Declarative
Can consciously retrieve factual information
2 categories:
- Semantic:
- memory of general knowledge
- Episodic:
- memory for personal experiences & events
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Implicit memory
Not consciously aware of
2 categories:
- Procedural:
- skills, habits, and actions
Emotional:
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hippocampus and amygdala and memory
Hippocampus- formation of explicit memories
Amygdala- formation of emotional memories
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anterograde and retrograde amnesia
- Amnesia is the inability to learn new information or
- retrieve previously stored information.
- Anterograde is the failure to store NEW memories, while
- Retrograde is the inability to recall OLD memories.
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Clive Wearing
Encephalitis damages parts of the brain involved with memory; has memory of only a few seconds
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HM
Surgery which removed parts of the temporal lobe because of epileptic seizures
Resulted in anterograde ammensia
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Memories that are very vivid and are of highly emotional moments in ones life.
flashbulb memories
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persons are viewed as unique and autonmous with distinctive qualities and individual automony
Individualist culture
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identity is defined more by the characteristics of the collective groups to which one belongs
Collectivist culture
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At any moment our awareness focuses like a flashlight beam, on only a limited aspect of all that we experience
Selective attention
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Your ability to attend to only one voice among many
Cocktail party effect
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the fail to see something that was there because one was too concentrated in doing something
inattentional blindness
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when people exhibit a remarkable lack of awareness of happenings in their visual environment, we more often than not, views don't notice the changes.
Change blindness
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people seldom notice the deception when the pictures were switched and they got the picture they had rejecte
Choice Blindness
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when vision competes with other senses, vision usually wins
visual capture
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we transform sensory info into meaningful perceptions
gestalt
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Figure and ground
- objects stand out from surroundings
- figure:object
- surroundings:ground
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Organizing stimuli into coherent groups
Grouping
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seeing in 3 dimensions
depth perception
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Visual Clif
Gibson and Walk, 1960
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enables us to perceive an object as unchanging despite a changing stimulus
perceptual constancy
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Stages of language development
- Babbling stage
- One word stage
- Two word stage
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What point does Chomsky make about language development?
that children do learn their environments language, but they acquire untaught words and grammar at a too fast rate
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language acquisition device
- inate/have ability to develop language
- acquired to learn language
- theoretical element
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Critical period
the time when it's critcal to learn/master a second language and that is btw 0-7 years and ball park number
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