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Five factors needed for survival
Temp, pressure, nutrients, water, and oxygen
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Homeostatis
Balance needed to maintaine life
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Distruption of homeostasis will give
disease
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Input: information from the receptor is goes along which pathway
afferent
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Output: information sent along what pathway to the effector
efferent pathway
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Three elements responsible for homeostasis
Receptor, control center, and effector
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Negative Feedback
Any change that is opposite the initial change. Ex: high blood sugar/decrease blood sugar
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Postive Feedback (cascade)
- maintaining the initial change
- Ex: blood clot and contractions
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What is the normal range of blood glucose?
80-99mg per deci liter of blood
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Dynamic Satic:
Homeostasis is ever changing, always trying to blance but never extreme
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Endocrin Organs
Not continuious, ductless, system that secretes hormones (chemical signals)
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Autocrine System
When a cell reacts itself
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Paracrine
When one cell stimulates a nearby cell
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Hormones are
Either proteins (amino acids) or steroids
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What activation uses second messenger?
Indirect activation
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The two factors that carry message
Calcium and CAMP
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Direct Activation
- Hormone comes right into cell, no messenger needed.
- Only Steroids do this
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Half-Time
Onset duration, how long a hormone is realsed
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Permisive
- One hormone asks another to react.
- Hormone gives the ok for next to work.
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Synergism
- Both have to go together to get reaction.
- Enhancing to the max.
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Antagonism
- One works in the response to the other.
- Opposite, one goes up the other goes down.
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Thyroxin
Is an amino acid based hormone but acts like a steroid by going directly into cell, not through messenger.
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Humoral
Blood stiumli (blood sugar)
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Neural
Comes from the nervous system
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Hormonal
One hormone telling another to secrete hormone
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Pituitary(hypophysis) Gland
Is in the pineal area and has 2 lobes, antierior lobe and posterior lobe
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Anterior Lobe has what type of cells?
Grandular Cells
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What hormones does the anterior lobe secrete?
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH, PRL
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What are Tropic Hormones?
- Hormones that tell another gland to secrete other hormones.
- FSH, LH, ACTH, GH
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Posterior Lobe has what type of cells?
Neural
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What hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe?
ADH, and Oxytocin
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Growth Hormone (GH)
- Secreted by the pituitary in the anterior lobe
- Tropic hormone
- Low- dwarfism in children
- High- Gagantism in children and Acromegaly (when your body has a lot of secretion after growth stops) in adults.
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Secreted by the pituitary in the anterior lobe.
- Tropic Hormone
- Stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxine
- Low- Cretinism in children, stunts growth/mental retardation. And Myxedema in adults, thicking of the skin.
High- Hyperthyroidism and Grave's disease
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Andrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Secreted by the pituitary in the anterior lobe.
- Tropic Hormone
- Low- rare
- High- Cushing's Disease- big midsection, small arms/legs
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Secreted by the pituitary in the anterior lobe.
- Tropic Hormone.
- Sex Hormone.
- Low- failure of sexual maturation.
- High- no important effect. Maybe increased libido
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Leteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Secreted by the pituitary in the anterior lobe.
- Tropic Hormone.
- Sex Hormone.
- Low and High are the same as FSH
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Prolactin
- Secreted by the pituitary in the anterior lobe.
- NOT a tropic hormone.
- Low- poor milk prodcution.
- High- Galactorrhea, milk production when not prego. Effects menses. Impotence and breast enlargment in males (gynecomastia).
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Oxytocin
- Secreted by the pituitary in the posterior lobe.
- Cuddle hormone/men do produce
- Regulates concratctions
- No know affects if low or high
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) also called Vasopressin
- Secreted by the pituitary in the posterior lobe.
- Reabsorbes most water in urine at Kidneys, stops your body from peeing. Alcholol blocks this hormone so you pee alot.
- Low- diabetes insipidus (not related to glucose)
- High- Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH).
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The thyroid glad prodcues what two hormones?
Thyroxin and Calcitonin
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What is the fucntion of calcitonin?
It decreases blood calcium and increases bone calcium
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What cells produce thyroglobulin?
Follical Cells
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What follicles are filled with thyroglobulin?
Collied-filled follicles
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What cells produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
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Where are parafollicular cells located?
In between the follicle cells
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What two elements are needed to make thyroxin?
Thyroglobluin and Iodine
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Goiter
Lack of iodine causes build up of thyroglobulin in thyroid
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Graves Disease
Increased thyroxin
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Hosimotoes
Autoimmune disease (immune system attacks thyroid gland)
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Parathyroid glands
- On top of thyroid
- 4-8 glands
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Which cells secretes parathyroid hormine (PTH)?
Chief Cells
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PTH does what?
Increases blood calcium and decreases bone calcium.
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Where is the adrenal gland located?
- On top of the kidney
- Secretes 25 hormones
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Medulla
Middle part of adrenal
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Cortex
Outside of adrenal
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What cortidoids does the cortex secrete? (3)
- Mineralo (mineral)
- Gluco (sugar)
- Gonado (reproduct)
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Mineralocorticoids
- Aldosterone
- Regulates sodium
- In Cortex
- Hyper- aldosteronism
- Hypo- Addison's disease (dehydration symptoms)
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Glucocorticoids
- Cortisol
- In cortex
- Hyper- Cushing's disease
- Hypo- Addison's disease
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Gonadocorticoids (reproductive)
- Testosterone
- In cortex
- Hyper- Virilization of females called Adrenogenital syndrome- male characteristics in females.
- Hypo- no effect
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Catecholamines
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- In medulla
- Hyper- Prolonged fight or flgith response and hypertension
- Hypo- unimportant
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Exocrine Gland
Secretes enzymes
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Endocrine Gland
Secretes hormone
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Pancrease is what type of gland?
Both exocrine and endocrine
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What type of cells in the pancrase produce enzymes?
Acinar Islet (acinar cells)
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Which part of the pancrease secretes hormones?
Islet of Langerhans
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What two hormones are produced by the pancrease (islet of langerhans)?
Alpha and Beta
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Alpha cells produce what?
Glucagon (29 proteins)
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Beta cells produce what?
Insulin (31 proteins)
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