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janet_0923
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Definition od Devellopment
the pattern of change begins at conception and continues through the life cycle
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Nature
- gennetic
- an organism's biological inheritance
- genes, DNA
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Nurture
an organism's environmental experiences
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Performationism
- middle ages
- children were seen and treated as mini adults
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Original Sin
children were perceived as being born evil, childrearing focused on changing them to good
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Great Pioneers in Child Psychology
- John Locke and Tabula Rasa
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Innate Goodness
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Tabula Rasa
- Jogn Locke
- John Locke believed children were born as " blank slates" and acquired their characteristics through experience
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Innate Goodness
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Rousseau believed children were born good and should develop with little interference
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Development is Multidirectional
Some dimensions or components of a dimension increase in growth
Some demensions or components of a dimension decrease in growth
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Development is Contextual
- Normative age-graded influences
- - biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group
- Normative history-graded influences
- - influences that are common to people of particular generation because of the historical circumstances they experience
- Non-normative life events
- - Unusual occurrences, patterns, and sequence of events not applicable to many individuals
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Influential Theories to Explain Development
- Psychoanalytic Theories
- Learning Theories
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Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development
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Freud's 3 Strutures of Personality
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Id -
libido,operates on unconscious level, present at birth, unconscious impulses, needs, and desires
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Ego -
- Vehicle to satisfy id, develops at 2 - 3 yrs
- Mediate b/w id & superego
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Superego -
- Moral judge based on rules of society, develops at about 6 yrs
- Understanding moral standard of right or wrong
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Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Freud's
- 1. Oral Stage (mouth) - learn to trust others
- 2. Anal Stage (anus/toilet training) - gain id
- 3. Phallic Stage (sex-role indentification) - genitalia
- 4. Latency Stage (achievement, mastery of skills) - self-esteem
- 5. Genital Stage (Puberty) - libido satisfied by sexual activity
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Psychoanalytic Theories
unconscious mind
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Learning/Behavioral Theories
- Early idea for Tabula Rasa
- Development results from the accumulation of experiences (Locke)
- Theorize that developmental processes are best understood through observing ONLY and observable behaviors
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Learning Theories
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Social-Cognitive Learning
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Classical Conditioning
Pavlov/Watson
- Learning that results from the association of stimuli
- Association, reflexive learning
- A process by which behaviors are learned through associations
- Helps us understand the acquisition of emotional responses
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Operant Conditioning
Skinner
- Learning to increase or decrease behaviors based on their consequences
- Helps with parenting and shaping new behaviors
Process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce desirable outcomes
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John Watson
- Expanded Pavlov's work to human beings
- Used classical conditioning on an infant to demostrate that emotions could be learned
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Chromosomes
- 22 matching pairs plus 1 sex chromosome
- 23 pairs / 46 chromosomes
- rod like structures that store and transit genetic information
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Zygote
- results from human egg and sperm unite
- first cell formed when the sperm and egg unite and join genetic material
- contains a complete set of 46 chromosomes
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Sex Chromosomes
- the 23rd pair of chromosomes
- Males - XY
- Females - XX
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Male carry ___ sex chromosomes
XY
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Female carry ___ sex chromosomes
XX
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Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
Heterozygous Alleles
the genotype contains two different genes and only one gene (the dominant gene) affects the characteristic
the other gene is recessive
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X-linked Inheritance - Sex linked
- Males are most likely to express
- Recessive diseased or mutated genes carried on the X sex chromosome assert themselves more readily in males
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Polygenic Inheritance
Characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes
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Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities
- increase chromosome correlality then increase abnormality
- Def: more or fewer than 46 chromrosomes
- Strongly correlated with maternal age
- chromosome abnormalities are severe tha ngenetic abnomalities
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Down Syndrome (most common)
- Trisomy 21 (3 chromosomes at 21st pair)
- Failure of the 21st chromosomal pair to separate during meiosis
- Risks rises w/ maternal age
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Identical Twins (Monozygotic Twins)
Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person
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Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic Twins)
Develop from separate eggs and separate sperm, making them genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings
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Germinal Period
- formation of zygote and attaches to the uterine wall
- first two weeks of conception
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Embryonic Period
- most rapid changes (body structures and internal organs)
- Highest vulnerability for birth defects
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Fetal Period
- Growth and finishing phase
- Most rapid increase in size
- Towards end head is bigger and heavier than the rest of the body due to rapid brain development
- -this causes the fetus to assume an upside down (birthing) position
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Age of Viability
- Fetal Period
- point at which the fetus can survive outside the womb
- responses to external stimuli (sound, movement, pain)
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Teratogens
broad range of substances and environmental influences that may result in defects of the fetus
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Low Birth Weight
less than 5.5 pounds at birth
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Preterm Infants
is one who is born 35 weeks or less after conception
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Small for date Infants
- small for gestational age
- includes infants whose birth weight is below nomal
- inadequate nutrition and smoking by pregnant women are factors
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Cephalocaudal Pattern
- Head to Tail
- Head get bigger first (greatest growth occurs at the top)
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Proximodistal Pattern
- Near to Far
- The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
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Physical Change in Infancy
Most rapid height and weight during infancy
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Puberty
- Period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur in early adolescence
- Bodily Changes (sexual maturation and increase in weight and height)
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Growth Spurt and Puberty
- Female grows earlier than male
- Female goes through puberty earlier than male
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Endocrine System
Made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones (chemical messengers) that regulate growth and sexual maturation
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Senescence
Gradual age related physical declines
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Sleep Patterns
- (Most) Infants > Children > Adults > Elders
- sleep patterns through ages (less sleep needed as age rises)
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Children need very deep sleep (Infancy)
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Neurons
brain cells responsible for sending and transmitting information to and from other cells
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Glial Cells
support cells, myelination cells
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Dendrites
Receive information from other neurons
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Myelin Sheath
Fatty substance that coats the axon and speeds information transmission
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Temporal Lobes
Contain the auditory cortex, associations related to auditory stimuli
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Occipital Lobes
Contain the visual cortex, associations related to visual stimuli
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1Parietal Lobes
Contain the somatosensory cortex, associations related to spatial orientation and touch
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