Unit 3 (Contrast)

what was the very first contrast used, and when was it first used, and on what?

what was the second noted contrast used (after the amputated hand in 1895), on what, and when?

what was the third noted contrast used (after the toxic sodium iodide), and when?

four routes of contrast media introduction:

what is the factor which determines whether a technologist is permitted to perform venipuncture for the administration of contrast media?

who determines that the administration of contrast materials and radiopharmaceuticals is a responsibility of a registered technologist?

give examples of some radiolucent/negative contrast agents:

give some facts about CO₂ as a contrast agent:

name common sources used to produce CO₂ gas:

give two main forms of radiopaque contrast media (ROCM)

Aqueous agents:
have __________ as the principle solvent
consists of most ___________ contrast agents
__________ miscibility
__________ viscosity

Non Aqueous agents:
______________ as the principle solvent
__________ miscibility
__________ viscosity

pertaining to treatment introduced into the body other than through the digestive system:

within the small intestine, or via the small intestine:

name two common radiopaque contrast medias and give their atomic number and mass:

what is the most common gastrointestinal radiopaque contrast? describe it.

when barium is mixed with water it forms a _____________, not a _______________.

name three aqueous iodinated contrasts for the GI tract (trade and generic names):

how is water-soluble iodinated contrast for the GI tract different from Barium?

describe some key points concerning oral cholecystopaques:

name some common cholecystopaques:

describe some key points concerning ethiodized oils:

name some common ethiodized oils (oily agents):

name some procedures that require an oil based contrast:

with what instrument should oily contrast agents be administered?

aqueous agents have a ________ miscibility factor and a ________ persistency factor than oily agents.

the _________ the persistence, the ________ the contrast is eliminated from the body.

two categories of intravascular iodinated contrast:

a contrast media category that is composed of carbon-based organic materials:

ROCMs used for roentgenography are derivitives of the ________________ molecule, with the exception of ___________.

žit is the ________________ that absorbs the photons, not allowing them to pass through to the film, therefore leaving a silhouette of the structure it is in.

in an aqueous iodine contrast media, a positive side chain is added to the molecule called a(n) _________ which is a __________________. they increase the ___________ of the contrast.

_________ contrast exist in salt form.
_________ contrast exist in non-salt form.

common anions in aqueous iodine solutions are:

name some common intravascular ionic media:

name some common intravascular nonionic media:

žcontrast media whose molecules disassociate into two charged particles called the cation (+) and the anion (-) are considered to be __________, while media whose molecules remain whole in the solution are ___________.

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane:

ž_________ osmotic substances, such as ROCMs, placed into the bloodstream will cause fluid from ____________________  to be drawn _____________________.

the concentration of molecules per weight of water:

has greater osmolality than body fluids:

has lower olsmolality than body fluids:

has equal osmolality to body fluids:

žthe ___________ the osmolality of a contrast medium is to the osmolality of body fluids, the ___________ potential there is for adverse reactions caused by differences in osmolality

____________ compounds cause more direct endothelial damage:

ionic contrast has a ________ osmolality than nonionic contrast, and this ___________ the risks of adverse side effects.

high osmolality ionic contrast media have _______ iodine atoms per molecule.

žthe ratio of the iodine atoms to particles with higher osmolality is _______ or a ratio media of ________.

compounds that contain more iodine atoms per molecule have _____ osmolality.

low osmolality ionic contrast media have ________ iodine atoms per molecule.

the ratio of the iodine atoms to particles with less osmolality is ________ or a ratio media of __________.

low osmolality nonionic  contrast media have _______ iodine atoms per molecule.

žwith low osmolality nonionic contrast media, there is a ratio of iodine to osmoticaly active particle of _______ or a ratio media of _______.

when the ratio of particles to iodine atoms is low, there indicates a(n) __________ in osmolality.

three characteristics of contrast that may vary:

žthe higher the concentration of iodine, the _______ attenuation of the beam and the _______ degree of positive contrast.

iodine concentration usage depends on:

the osmolality of human blood:

the osmolality of aqueous contrast:

rapid fluid movement may cause:

resistance of fluid to flow:

amount of viscosity is determined by:

reactions are influenced by:

for the aorta, a _________ concentration is used and for the veins and smaller arteries, a __________ concentration is used.

as the concentration of iodine rises, name three other factors that also rise:

an IV would be a ___________ concentration, while a bolus would be a ___________ concentration.

if you increase the number of iodine atoms in the molecule and keep the same number of molecules, the concentration:

if you increase the number of iodine atoms in the molecule but decrease the number of molecules, the concentration:

the higher the numerical value of the ratio, the  ________ the osmolality for a given iodine
concentration.

describe how nonionic contrast is different from ionic contrast:

both nonionic and ionic contrasts contain:

why are there less reactions when using nonionic contrast as compared to ionic contrast?

is a high iodine concentration more or less viscous?

how is viscosity determined?

name three things affected by viscosity:

what helps to reduce viscosity?

name two common aqueous iodine compounds:

what is the difference between sodium salts and meglumine salts?

name two common high osmolar contrast agents (HOCAs):

high osmolar contrast agents (HOCAs) contain:

name one of the first agents used in myelography and what it was replaced with:

name some low osmolality contrast agents (LOCAs):

is a severe allergic reaction, may end in cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest, and less often seizures:

Iodixanol (visipaque) is often the contrast of choice when patients have mild to moderate renal insufficiency:

_______ osmolality agents are routinely used and _________ are used for high risk patients.

total volume is dependent on:

žminimum amount of iodine needs to be given in order to have a satisfactory contrast enhancemnt of vascular stuctures and various tissues:

factors affecting flow:

a study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological function of the body; how a drug or contrast agent acts on the living system:

the study of the preparation properties, uses, and the actions of drugs:

the ________________ is sensitive to increased ions in the blood.

normal responses to ionic media:

allergic or anaphylactoid responses are caused by:

the result of interactions between the contrast medium and the blood, causing the suppression of certain enzymes:

the study of how drugs enter the body, are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and exit the body:

name a diabetic medication that can be contraindicated after the administration of contrast media:

a chemical change that results in solid particles:

name four incompatible medications known to cause precipitation when mixed with contrast:

be familiar with pre-contrast history items:

give normal BUN and creatinine levels:

an increase in the diameter of blood vessels, which increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure:

dangers of overdose:

what type of patient is three times more likely to have an anaphylactoid reaction?

what courses of action my be taken when a contrast study is scheduled for a high risk patient?

minute amount of contrast injected intravenously, followed by a pause during which the patient is observed carefully:

reactions have occurred with as little as _______ of contrast.

signs of allergic reaction:

when a contrast is administered, how long must the patient be observed for signs of an allergic response?

for a PET/CT prep, the pt should be:

the medical abbreviation for four times a day:

the medical abbreviation for twice a day: