buo test 1

scientific study of life

• 1. All forms of licfe share common properties
• 2. Evolution
• 3. Correlation between structure and function

• Order: the arrangement of organism
• Reproduction: babies birth
• Growth and Devlopment: DNA, inherited info
• Energy Processing: Eating things for energy
• Response to enviornment: shiver when cold
• Regulation: Body temp, homeostasis
• Evolutionary Adaptation: Adaptating to enviornment

• Biosphere: All enivornments on Earth
• Ecosystem: Physical components of area and organism
• Community: entire array of organisms in ecosystem
• Population: all individuals of a certain species
• Organism: animal; individual living thing
• Organ system: nervous system
• Organ: brain
• Tissue: nerve tissue
• Cell: nerve cell
• Organelles: nucleus
• DNA:

"whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

The new properties that comes up in each step of the hierarchy

• System Biology
• Construct models of while systems and study its parts

basic structural and functional units that exhibit properties of life

All organisms have it

• Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic

Both have DNA and plasma membrane

• Systems
• Properties of cells life come from the ordered from the ordered arrangement and interactions of structures of a cell

• Cells that have DNA in the nucleus
• Plant and animal cells

No nucleus; simple bacteria cells

• Oragnisms- interact with environment
• plants- produce food
• consumers-eat plants/animals
• take in O₂ from air, release CO₂ =release energy in food
• Decomposers- recyclers, change comples matter to simple nurtrients

Plants->photosynthesis->chemical energy->consumers->decomposers

energy converted to heat when lost from system

• DNA- making proteins
• common genetic code
• chemical substance of genes
•         Double Helix- called 2 nucleotides;    names info in genes
• Genes- units of inheritance that transmits info from parents to offspring
• two long chains coiled together
• control activities of cells

• Unity of life based on DNA
• Diversity of all DNA but different coding
• hallmark of life

• accounts for life's dual nature of kinship and diversity
• i.e -natural selection
• kinship- suggest animals are related

• Hallmark of life
• Taxonomy- names species, clasify them into a system of broader groups
• Genuns->family->order->class->Phylom->Kingdom

• Kingdom Plantae-plants
• Kingdom Fungi-mushrooms, decomposers
• Kingdom Animals- animals

• Bacteria-prokaryotes
• Archaea- prokaryotes
• Eukarya- salty lakes, eukaryotes-nucles organelles

• Scientific Inquiry- used to ask and answer questions
• recording data, making observations, measurements
• Inductive Reasoning-used ot draw gerneral conclusions from many observations
• all organisms are composed of cells
• derives generalizations
• Ddeuctive Reasoning- test hypothesis
• i.e organisms->cells , humans->organisms, humans have cells
• used to come up with ways to hypothesis
• explanation for observations
• Theory vs. Hypothesis
• Scientific Theory- broader than hypothesis, can test multiple hypothesis,
• lots of data
• supported by a lot of evidence
• general
• Forming and Testing a Hypothesis-Hypothesis must be able to be false
• falsiable and testable
• either its true of not
• when false propose another one

Comparing controlled group to experimental group

• controlled-group that does't change
• used to measure against
• Experimental-group that has changes

Teaches environemnt is powerful selective force for traits best adapt to environment

• Anything that occupies space and has mass
• chemical elements
• solid, liquid, gas

Substance that cannot be broken down

• 2 or more elements
• fixed proportion
• 96% O C H V 
•   in human body
•   is in proteins
•   important for bone formation
• i.e NaCl and H2O

• Added to food to prevent disease
• i.e- Iron- is in cereal and pasta
•    need for oxygen
• Iodine-salt
•    Production of thyroid hormones
• Fluorine- water
•    reduce tooth decay

• Help Preserve food
• makes it look better
• more nutrients

Smallest unit of matter retains properties of an element

• Protons- pos. charge demtermine the element
• Neutrons-no charge determine if its an isotope
• Electrons- neg. charge
• determine chemical behavior

• number of protons
• All atoms of same element have same atomic number

• Equal to mass number
• sum of number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

• Same number of protons
• different number of neutron
• behave identically in chemical reactions

• Cells cant distinguish between istopes of same element
• i.e C-12 and C-13

• nucleues decays spontaneiously
• give off particles and energy
• cause abnormal bonds
• used for treatments
• Iodine- kills cancer cells

used in medical diagnosis

• follow molecules as they undergo chemical changes
• imaging instruments used to detect them
• PET scans-detect location of injected radioactive material
•    diagnosing heart disorders, cancer

electrons involved in chemical activity- farther electrons from nucleus the more energy it has

• Electrons occur in energy levels
• It  has different orbitals which holds a max of 2 electrons
• called electron shells
• the 1st shell holds 2
• 2nd holds 8

• number of electrons on outermost shell determines the chemical properties of atom
•   Valence shell

• Atoms with incomplete outermost shell tend to react so both have completed outermost shell
•   share, donate, recieve elecrons called Chemimcal bonding

• Strongest
• 2 atoms share electrons
• 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonding
•   called a molecule
• O2- double covalent bond

electronegativity- attraction for shared electrons

• Nonpolar covalent- equal force between atoms
• i.e methane , O2, H2
• Polar Covalent- unequal force
•    more negative atom has stronger force
•    i.e- H2O
•      O sronger force

• Ion- an atom/ molecule with charge
• loss or gain of electron
• if loss then postive
• if gain then negative
• attraction hold ions together
•   called ionic bond
• i.e NaCl

• Weakest bond
• consists of H atom
• polar covaent bonds

Structure of atoms and molecules detmerminbes the way they behave

• break and make chemical bonds
• doesnt create of destroy matter
• i.e photsynthesis- carbon dioxide, air and water

starting material are the reactants and the final material are the products

• it makes water cohesive
•   tendency for molecules of the same kind to stkck together-cohesion
•   stongest for water
•    Adhesion- clinging of substances to another
• Gives water high surface tension
•    how difficult to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

• Temp-moderation: of humand body temp
• polarity and hydrogen bonds between molecules determines structure and interactions
•    intensity of heat
•    H bonds resist to temp changes
•    heat energy- associated with movemnt of atoms and moleulces in body of water
•    Absorbed to break H bonds
•      released when  H bonds form
•    Evaportaiting cooling- molevules of greatest energy to leave

• Ice vs. liquid
• ice floats on water
• ice less dense
• H bonds makes ice more spacious

• Solute and solvent =solution
• Solute- substance dissolved
• solvent- dissolving agent
• solution- liquid consisting of uniform mixture of 2 or more substnaces
•   aquesous solution- water is the solvent
•     disolves ionic compounds

• Acids- release H atoms
• HCl: more H ions than OH ions
• donates H atoms

• Bases- accepts H atoms
• reduce H atom concentration

• pH scale- 10 fold change
• water-pH of 7
• blood plasma- 7.4

• Carbon based molecules
• i.e methane

• Methane: simplest organic compounds
• 4 covalent bonds CH4

• Hydrocarbons: molecules of Hydrogens and carbons
• vary in length
• difference in branching

• Chains pf carbon atoms in organic molecules
• vary in
• 1.Length i.e Ethane and Propane
• 2. Location of double bonds
• 3. Branching
• 4.Rings

Compounds with same formula differeing in structural arrangement

• Structural isomers- straight or branched
• Geometric Isomers-
• Enantoisomers- mirror image of each other

different shapes of isomers result in unique properties and add greatly to diversity of organic molecules