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Major body cavities
holes in the body where organs sit
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What is in the Dorsal Cavity?
- (toward the back)
- cranial cavity-brain
- spinal canal-spinal cord
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What is in the Ventral cavity?
- (toward the front)
- Thoracic Cavity-heart and lungs
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
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What is part of the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
- Abdominal Cavity (upper)- stomach, liver, intestines
- Pelvic Cavity(lower)- bladder, reproductive
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What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
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What is anatomy?
The study of structure and form. Where things are, what they look like, and name
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The study of function. How and why things work, is what?
Physiology
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What are the levels of organization? simple to complex...
- atom
- molecule
- organelles
- cell
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
- organism
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What are the levels of organization? complex to simple...
- Organism
- organ system
- organ
- tissue
- cell
- organelles
- molecules
- atom
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What is an atom?
The basic building block of matter
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What are the structures in a cell called?
Organelles
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The 1st living level is what?
Cell
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The collection of 2 or more tissues that have a specific function. are what?
organs
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What are organ systems?
Organs put together to help with certain functions
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What is an organism?
A complete individual
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Maintenance of a stable environment is what?
homeostasis
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What is a stressor?
Anything that moves us away from homeostasis
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A process through which the body returns to normal level is what?
Negative Feedback
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What are characteristics of Neg. Feedback?
- have a normal range
- be able to detect changes in range
- have a process to negate changes and return to normal
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To detect a change and a process occurs that encourages that change even more is what?
Positive feedback
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A fever and labor contractions are examples of what?
Positive feedback
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Cytoplasm is the clear fluid in the cell T/F
False. It is everything that is in the cell (not nucleus)
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The clear fluid in the cell (not organelles) is what?
Cytosol
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What are elements?
The simplest form of matter with unique properties. (hydrogen, oxygen)
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How many naturally occurring elements are there?
about 90
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how many elements are needed in the body?
24
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The six most common elements in the body are...
nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium and phosphorus
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Atoms consist of 3 what?
subatomic particles
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What are the 3 subatomic particles?
protons, neutrons, electrons
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Protons.
Location?
charge?
mass?
- in the nucleus.
- positive charge +
- 1 AMU
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neutrons.
Location?
charge?
mass?
- in the nucleus.
- no charge 0
- 1 AMU
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electrons.
Location?
charge?
mass?
- outside of nucleus.
- negative charge -
- no sig. mass
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The atomic # is assigned to an atom based on what?
How many protons it has.
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How do you calculate the atomic mass?
#protons + #neutrons
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An atom has an atomic # of 14 and an atomic mass of 30. How many protons and neutrons?
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What is an isotope?
An atom with an unconventional mass due to having an unconventional # of neutrons.
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Electrons are found at specific distances around the nucleus known as what?
energy levels
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How many energy levels are there?
7
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Electrons prefer to be in the lowest energy level possible. T/F?
True
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How many electrons can each level hold?
- Level 1- 2 electrons
- Level 2- 8 electrons
- Level 3- 8 electrons
- Level 4- 8 electrons
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Ions are what?
Atoms that do not have equal numbers of protons and electrons
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What is an ion that have a + charge?
Cations. Because they have more protons than electrons
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What is an ion that has a - charge?
Anions. Because they have more electrons than protons.
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Why do ions occur?
Because atoms try to be stable.
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A stable atom is one that has a full innermost energy level T/F
False. INNERMOST layer
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What are Tissues?
Groups of cells functioning together
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What are the 4 types of tissues?
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
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What is epithelial tissue?
Groups of cells that provide a covering to a surface
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Simple cells have how many layers?
1
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stratified cells have how many layers?
2 or more
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pseudostratified cells have how many layers?
1 layer, but cells sometimes weave through each other.
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Groups of cells that connect, bind, protect or support are called what?
Connective
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Muscle tissues are what?
Groups of cells that cause movement by shortening and lengthening.
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What are groups of cells that carry electrical signals?
Nervous tissue
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What is an ionic bond?
An attractive force that holds + and - atoms together. They both want 8 electrons. If they sit close together, they can share
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An attractive force between atoms sharing electrons is called what?
A Covalent bond
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What are electrolytes?
Compounds that separate into ions when added to water.
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Atoms or molecules with an odd number of electrons are called what?
Free Radicals.
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What can damage healthy molecules? *what can cause aging or breaking down of the body slowly*
free radicals
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What are antioxidants?
molecules capable of neutralizing free radicals
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Molecules are 2 or more atoms bonded together T/F
True
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What are organic compounds (macromolecules)
carbon based compounds necessary for life.
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What is a monomer?
A basic molecular unit used to make larger molecules (polymer)
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What is a polymer?
Series of monomers chained together. (like a train)
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What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
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What are carbohydrates composed of?
oxygen, hydrogen and carbon atoms.
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What is the general portion for Carbohydrates?
1 carbon for every 2 hydrogen for every 1 oxygen
CH20
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What is the fewest atom proportion of carbs?
C6H12O6
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What three types of Carbs are there?
monosacharides,disacharides, and polysacharides
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There are 3 monosacharides. What are they?
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What is glucose?
- blood sugar
- preffered form of sugar in the body
- used to make energy
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Galactose is converted into what?
glucose
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What is fructose?
- fruit sugar.
- converted into glucose
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What are the thee Disacharides?
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What is sucrose?
- table sugar
- broken down into glucose
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What is lactose?
- milk sugar
- broken down into glucose
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What is maltose?
- malt sugar.
- broken down into glucose
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What are the three polysacharides?
- cellulose
- starches
- glycogen
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What is cellulose?
Used by plants for strength and support.
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What are starches used for?
Used by plants to store sugars for energy.
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What is glycogen used for?
- by animals to store extra glucose.
- stored in the liver and muscles
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What are lipids composed of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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What has lots of carbon and hydrogen atoms and very few oxygen?
lipids
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are lipids hydrophobic (don't like water)
yes
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Fats and oils are examples of what?
lipids
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lipids are monomers T/f
yes. fatty acid
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What are fatty acids composed of?
Long chains of carbons surrounded by hydrogens.
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Fatty acids can be saturated, unsaturated. T/F
True
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Saturated fatty acid means what?
Every carbon in the chain is as full as possible with hydrogen (no double bonds)
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Unsaturated fatty acid means what?
at least 2 carbons are doubly bonded
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What are the functions of fatty acids?
Alone, they can be broken down into energy
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Together, 2 or more fatty acids can be used to make other ____?
lipids
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What are triglycerides?
Polymer of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
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What are triglycerides used for?
- Store fatty acids
- build up in adipose tissue
- insulation, cusion. provide large source of energy
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What are phospholipids?
Polymer of 2 fatty acids attached to a phosphate molecule.
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What are phospholipids used for?
making cellular membranes
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What are steroids?
- rings of carbon and hydrogen plus a few oxygen.
- cholesterol
- estrogens
- testosterone
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What is cholesterol used for?
To make the other steroids. To stabalize plasma membrane
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What are hormones?
Chemical messengers
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Estrogens, testosterone and other steroids are used as hormones T/F
True
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What are proteins composed of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (NOCH)
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How many types of amino acids are needed to make all of our protein varieties?
20
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How many amino acids needed to make a polymer called a protein?
100
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What is collagen like?
tough but flexible
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What is keratin like?
hard and tough
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What are the functions of proteins?
structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, protection, movement
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What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
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What can recognize and inhibit foreign invaders in the blood?
antibodies
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Myasin and actin are what?
proteins that cause muscles to contract
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Nucleic Acids, nucleotides and ATP are composed of what?
- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
- monomer-nucleotide
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Nucleic Acids are huge polymers of nucleotides. T/F
True
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examples of nucleic acids are...
DNA and RNA
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What stores information about how to make proteins?
DNA, RNA
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What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- a molecule that has a tremendous amount of energy within it.
- (cells transfer the energy in carbs and lipids to making ATP molecules for themselves.
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How many cells are in the body?
10 trillion
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polygonal cell shape
many sides
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stellate cell shape
star-like
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discoid cell shape
flat and circular
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fusiform cell shape
foodball
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fibrous cell shape
long and thin
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
- It controls what gets into and out of the cell.
- separates intracellular material from outer cellular material
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What is the composition of the plasma membrane?
phospholipids, membrane proteins, cholesterol
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What is the function of membrane proteins?
can help with membrane transport
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What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Makes sure that the phospholipids aren't too rigid or too loose
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What are hair like extensions off of the plasma membrane?
cilia
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What is the function of cilia
To move material across the cell's surface
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What is flagellum?
Tail-like extension off of a cell
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what is the function of flagellum?
To move the cell through a liquid environment.
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microvilli is what?
tiny folds in the plasma membrane
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Why is microvilli important?
If you lose it, you lose ability to absorb.
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