-
Levels of body defense
- Barrier Defenses
- Cellular Defenses
- Inflammatory Response
- Immune Response
-
Name your bodies barrier defenses:
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
- Gastric Acid
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
-
Which barrier defense protects internal tissues and organs of the body?
Skin
-
Describe where Mucous membranes would be found:
- Respiratory Tract
- Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)
- Genitourinary Tract (GU)
Lines areas of the body that may be exposed to external influences, but not have skin on them.
-
Describe the MHC:
Major Histocompatibility complex is the last barrier defense.
Distinguishes between self-cells and foreign or non-self cells.
Produces proteins (histocompatibility antigens) or Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA's)
-
Name a type of Cellular Defense:
Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
-
Thymus gland, lymphatic tissue , leukocytes, lymphocytes, and chemical mediators are all part of what defense system?
Cellular defenses = MPS
mononuclear phagocyte system
-
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
-
What are lymphocytes?
white blood cells, with varied nuclei
T or B Cells
-
Where are Myelocytic cells made?
Bone Marrow
-
Name 4 mylocytic cell types:
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes / macrophages
-
Describe neutrophils:
engulf/digest foreign material by phagocytosis.
Most common white blood cell
-
What do Eosinophils do?
often found at the site of an allergic reation
-
Describe basophils:
release chemical mediators (histamine / heprin)
Mast Cells
-
Describe Monocytes/ macrophages:
- Eat up dead tissue or cell debris
- Process antigens marked for destruction
- May circulate or be fixed
- Ellicite a strong inflammatory response
-
Lymphoid tissues include:
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Thymus gland
- Bone Marrow
- Lymphoid tissue in the Respiratory & GI tract
-
Hagaman factor is what type of response?
Inflammatory
-
What does Hagaman Factor do?
Activates Kinin system / clotting cascade / plasminogen system (dissolves clots)
-
Brakykinin is triggered by what?
Hagaman Factor
-
What does Brakykinin cause or trigger next?
Release of Arachidone Acid from the cell membrane
-
What responses do Arachidonic Acid cause?
- The release of Autacoids :
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Thromboxanes
-
What do prostaglandins do?
Cause more inflammation
-
What are Leukotrienes responsible for?
Vasodilation, increase capillary permeability
-
What do Thromboxanes do?
Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood coagulation
-
Composed of leukocytes, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues and chemical mediators, the _______ system is refer to as the human inflammatory and immune system
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
-
A foreign pathogen that gets past the barrier defenses will encounter what system?
Mononuclear phagocyte system
-
Produced in the bone marrow - includes neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes :
Myelocyte
-
____ utilizes phagocytosis to destroy foreign material;' refereed to phagocytes.
Neutrophils
-
___ responds when and injury to cell membrane causes release of histamine, leads to vasodilation and altered capillary permeability. Stimulates pain perception.
Histamine
-
____ is responsible for activating the Kinen, clotting, and plasminogen systems.
Hageman Factor
-
____ causes local vasodialtion, pain stimulus, and the release of arachidonic acid.
Bradykin
-
Prostaglandin's, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes are activated by the release of what?
- Autacoids
- (act like local hormones)
-
These are mast cells that do not circulate and are found in the respiratory, GI and skin:
Basophils
-
These provide cell mediated immunity and include 3 different types (effector cells, helper, and suppressor):
T cells
-
These cells are programmed to ID protiens or antigens AND provide humoral immunity:
B Cells
-
These take several days to occur along with memory cells to use in future encounters with an antigen
Antibody formation
-
Interferons and Interleukins are considered _______ mediators of the immune response .
Other mediators
-
_____ has antipyretic and analgesic properties as well as decreases platelet aggregation - this all occurs by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
Salicylates
-
___________ blocks the release of histamine in the initiation of the inflammatory response.
antihistamines
-
____ is a DMARDs used to treat arthritis (blocks interleukin-1).
Anakinra
-
what is the prototype for Saliclates?
Aspirin
-
___ provides strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects over the counter - examples include ibuprofen/ naproxen.
NSAIDs
-
NSAIDs stands for what?
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
-
___ is the alternative to salicylate/NSAID prototype:
Tylenol
-
what is the most used drug for managing pain and fever in children?
Tylenol
-
blocks the inflammatory response and immune system by altering the chemical reaction:
corticosteroids
-
What would a contraindication be for salicylates?
abnormal bleeding or impaired renal function
-
acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus:
acetaminophen
-
Name a cox two inhibitor:
Celebrex
-
Corticosteroids, antihistamines, salicylates and NSAIDs are all what ?
anti-inflammatory agents
-
antidote to acetaminophen is?
acetylcysteine
-
Ibuprofen is the prototype drug for what?
NSAIDs
-
Adverse effects of salicylates:
GI irritation, Clotting system, eighth cranial nerve stimulation, and salicylism (tinnitus, acidosis)
-
Indications for ASAIDs:
Relieves of arthritis pain, dysmenorrhea (menstruation pains), fever
-
Give the pharmacokinetics of salicylates:
absorbed in stomach, peaks in 5-30 minutes, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
-
Pharmacokinetics of Acetaminophen:
absorbed in GI tract, peaks in 1/2 to 2 hours, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine - half life 2 hours.
-
contraindications of salicylates:
bleeding abnormally or impaired renal function
-
Contraindications of ASAIDs:
- cardiovascular disfunction
- hypertension
- Peptic ulcer
- GI bleeding
- pregnancy/lactation
- Caution with renal/hepatic dysfunction
-
Oldest sedative-hypnotic.
Causes sedation, hypnosis, anesthesia, coma.
Less effective, High risk of addiction
CNS, cerebral cortex depressant.
Barbituates
-
Barbituate prototype:
Phenobarbital
-
Treatment of insomnia:
Ambien
-
Ambien is a _____ drug.
anxiolytic / hypnotic
-
Benzodiazepine prototype:
Diazepam
-
______ calm and provide an unawareness of he environment.
sedatives
-
-
anixiolytics cause what?
prevent feelings of tension or fear
-
Benzodiazaqpine indications:
Anxiety disorders, sedation, alcohol withdrawal, agitation, pre-op anxiety.
-
Most frequently used anxiolytic drugs:
bezodiazepines - prevent anxiety without causing much associated sedation.
-
Drug interactions for benzodiazephine:
Increase when used with alcohol, tagament, oral contraceptives, antabuse.
Decrease with theophylline, zantac
-
Most frequently prescribed sedative-hypnotic -
controlled substance IV; acts on limbic to make GABA more effective:
Benzodiazepines
-
Anxiety, sedation, insomnia, pre-anesthesia, and seizures are all indications for what?
Barbituates
-
Somnolence, confusion, coma, rare hypotension and respiratory depression are a sign of ______ and can be treated with______.
- Benzodiazepine overdose
- treat with Romozicon
-
Adverse effects of barbituates?
CNS depression, drowsiness, lethargy, vertigo, Reduced REM sleep (agitation, inability to deal with stress)
-
Contraindications of barbituates?
- Addiction history
- Porphyria (accumulation of body chemicals)
- Hepatic impairment
- Pregnancy
- Respiratory dysfuntion
-
Produces a state of tranquillity:
mild tranquilizers
-
Barbituate pharmacokinetics:
Well absorbed, peaks in 20-60 minutes, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
-
Benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics:
- Absorbed in GI
- peaks in 30 minutes - 2 hours
- crosses placenta/ breast milk
- lipid soluble
- metabolized in liver
- excreted in urine
-
Preoperative medication __________.
Postoperative medication to decrease narcotic need _____________.
-
Sedation, depression,, blurred vision, constipation, N/V, hypotension, urinary retention:
Benzodiazepine adverse effects
-
This part of the brain controls crude movements, such as unconsciously controlled muscle activity like BALANCE:
Extrapyramidal Tract Control
-
What does Baclofen do?
used to alleviate s/s of spasticity - may be used with Spinal cord injuries or diseases
-
Name a central acting skeletal muscle relaxant:
Baclofen
|
|
