Pharm. Immune Response & Inflammation

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  1. Levels of body defense
    • Barrier Defenses 
    • Cellular Defenses
    • Inflammatory Response 
    • Immune Response
  2. Name your bodies barrier defenses:
    • Skin 
    • Mucous Membranes 
    • Gastric Acid 
    • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
  3. Which barrier defense protects internal tissues and organs of the body?
    Skin
  4. Describe where Mucous membranes would be found:
    • Respiratory Tract 
    • Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)
    • Genitourinary Tract (GU)

    Lines areas of the body that may be exposed to external influences, but not have skin on them.
  5. Describe the MHC:
    Major Histocompatibility complex is the last barrier defense. 

    Distinguishes between self-cells and foreign or non-self cells. 

    Produces proteins (histocompatibility antigens) or Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA's)
  6. Name a type of Cellular Defense:
    Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
  7. Thymus gland, lymphatic tissue , leukocytes, lymphocytes, and chemical mediators are all part of what defense system?
    Cellular defenses = MPS 

    mononuclear phagocyte system
  8. What are leukocytes?
    White blood cells
  9. What are lymphocytes?
    white blood cells, with varied nuclei 

    T or B Cells
  10. Where are Myelocytic cells made?
    Bone Marrow
  11. Name 4 mylocytic cell types:
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
    • Monocytes / macrophages
  12. Describe neutrophils:
    engulf/digest foreign material by phagocytosis.

    Most common white blood cell
  13. What do Eosinophils do?
    often found at the site of an allergic reation
  14. Describe basophils:
    release chemical mediators (histamine / heprin)

    Mast Cells
  15. Describe Monocytes/ macrophages:
    • Eat up dead tissue or cell debris 
    • Process antigens marked for destruction
    • May circulate or be fixed 
    • Ellicite a strong inflammatory response
  16. Lymphoid tissues include:
    • Lymph nodes 
    • Spleen
    • Thymus gland
    • Bone Marrow
    • Lymphoid tissue in the Respiratory & GI tract
  17. Hagaman factor is what type of response?
    Inflammatory
  18. What does Hagaman Factor do?
    Activates Kinin system / clotting cascade / plasminogen system (dissolves clots)
  19. Brakykinin is triggered by what?
    Hagaman Factor
  20. What does Brakykinin cause or trigger next?
    Release of Arachidone Acid from the cell membrane
  21. What responses do Arachidonic Acid cause?
    • The release of Autacoids :
    • Prostaglandins 
    • Leukotrienes 
    • Thromboxanes
  22. What do prostaglandins do?
    Cause more inflammation
  23. What are Leukotrienes responsible for?
    Vasodilation, increase capillary permeability
  24. What do Thromboxanes do?
    Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood coagulation
  25. Composed of leukocytes, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues and chemical mediators, the _______ system is refer to as the human inflammatory and immune system
    Mononuclear Phagocyte System
  26. A foreign pathogen that gets past the barrier defenses will encounter what system?
    Mononuclear phagocyte system
  27. Produced in the bone marrow - includes neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes :
    Myelocyte
  28. ____ utilizes phagocytosis to destroy foreign material;' refereed to phagocytes.
    Neutrophils
  29. ___ responds when and injury to cell membrane causes release of histamine, leads to vasodilation and altered capillary permeability. Stimulates pain perception.
    Histamine
  30. ____ is responsible for activating the Kinen, clotting, and plasminogen systems.
    Hageman Factor
  31. ____ causes local vasodialtion, pain stimulus, and the release of arachidonic acid.
    Bradykin
  32. Prostaglandin's, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes  are activated by the release of what?
    • Autacoids 
    • (act like local hormones)
  33. These are mast cells that do not circulate and are found in the respiratory, GI and skin:
    Basophils
  34. These provide cell mediated immunity  and include 3 different types (effector cells, helper, and suppressor):
    T cells
  35. These cells are programmed to ID protiens or antigens AND  provide humoral immunity:
    B Cells
  36. These take several days to occur along with memory cells to use in future encounters with an antigen
    Antibody formation
  37. Interferons and  Interleukins are considered _______ mediators of the immune response .
    Other mediators
  38. _____ has antipyretic and analgesic properties as well as decreases platelet aggregation - this all occurs by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
    Salicylates
  39. ___________ blocks the release of histamine in the initiation of the inflammatory response.
    antihistamines
  40. ____ is a DMARDs used to treat arthritis (blocks interleukin-1).
    Anakinra
  41. what is the prototype for Saliclates?
    Aspirin
  42. ___ provides strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects over the counter - examples include ibuprofen/ naproxen.
    NSAIDs
  43. NSAIDs stands for what?
    non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  44. ___ is the alternative to salicylate/NSAID prototype:
    Tylenol
  45. what is the most used drug for managing pain and fever in children?
    Tylenol
  46. blocks the inflammatory response and immune system by altering the chemical reaction:
    corticosteroids
  47. What would a contraindication be for salicylates?
    abnormal bleeding or impaired renal function
  48. acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus:
    acetaminophen
  49. Name a cox two inhibitor:
    Celebrex
  50. Corticosteroids, antihistamines, salicylates and  NSAIDs are all what ?
    anti-inflammatory agents
  51. antidote to acetaminophen is?
    acetylcysteine
  52. Ibuprofen is the prototype drug for what?
    NSAIDs
  53. Adverse effects of salicylates:
    GI irritation, Clotting system, eighth cranial nerve stimulation, and salicylism (tinnitus, acidosis)
  54. Indications for ASAIDs:
    Relieves of arthritis pain, dysmenorrhea (menstruation pains), fever
  55. Give the pharmacokinetics of salicylates:
    absorbed in stomach, peaks in 5-30 minutes, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
  56. Pharmacokinetics of Acetaminophen:
    absorbed in GI tract, peaks in 1/2 to 2 hours, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine - half life 2 hours.
  57. contraindications of salicylates:
    bleeding abnormally or impaired renal function
  58. Contraindications of ASAIDs:
    • cardiovascular disfunction
    • hypertension
    • Peptic ulcer
    • GI bleeding
    • pregnancy/lactation
    • Caution with renal/hepatic dysfunction
  59. Oldest sedative-hypnotic.
    Causes sedation, hypnosis, anesthesia, coma.
    Less effective, High risk of addiction
    CNS, cerebral cortex depressant.
    Barbituates
  60. Barbituate prototype:
    Phenobarbital
  61. Treatment of insomnia:
    Ambien
  62. Ambien is a _____ drug.
    anxiolytic / hypnotic
  63. Benzodiazepine prototype:
    Diazepam
  64. ______ calm and provide an unawareness of he environment.
    sedatives
  65. cause sleep:
    hypnotics
  66. anixiolytics cause what?
    prevent feelings of tension or fear
  67. Benzodiazaqpine indications:
    Anxiety disorders, sedation, alcohol withdrawal, agitation, pre-op anxiety.
  68. Most frequently used anxiolytic drugs:
    bezodiazepines - prevent anxiety without causing much associated sedation.
  69. Drug interactions for benzodiazephine:
    Increase when used with alcohol, tagament, oral contraceptives, antabuse. 

    Decrease with theophylline, zantac
  70. Most frequently prescribed sedative-hypnotic - 
    controlled substance IV; acts on limbic to make GABA more effective:
    Benzodiazepines
  71. Anxiety, sedation, insomnia, pre-anesthesia, and seizures are all indications for what?
    Barbituates
  72. Somnolence, confusion, coma, rare hypotension and respiratory depression are a sign of ______ and can be treated with______.
    • Benzodiazepine overdose
    • treat with Romozicon
  73. Adverse effects of barbituates?
    CNS depression, drowsiness, lethargy, vertigo, Reduced REM sleep (agitation, inability to deal with stress)
  74. Contraindications of barbituates?
    • Addiction history
    • Porphyria (accumulation of body chemicals)
    • Hepatic impairment
    • Pregnancy
    • Respiratory dysfuntion
  75. Produces a state of tranquillity:
    mild tranquilizers
  76. Barbituate pharmacokinetics:
    Well absorbed, peaks in 20-60 minutes, metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
  77. Benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics:
    • Absorbed in GI
    • peaks in 30 minutes - 2 hours
    • crosses placenta/ breast milk
    • lipid soluble
    • metabolized in liver
    • excreted in urine
  78. Preoperative medication __________.
    Postoperative medication to decrease narcotic need _____________.
    • Phenergan 
    • and 
    • Benadryl
  79. Sedation, depression,, blurred vision, constipation, N/V, hypotension, urinary retention:
    Benzodiazepine adverse effects
  80. This part of the brain controls crude movements, such as unconsciously controlled muscle activity like BALANCE:
    Extrapyramidal Tract Control
  81. What does Baclofen do?
    used to alleviate s/s of spasticity - may be used with Spinal cord injuries or diseases
  82. Name a central acting skeletal muscle relaxant:
    Baclofen

Card Set Information

Author:
 saraherin
ID:
 201162
Filename:
 Pharm. Immune Response & Inflammation
Updated:
2013-03-07 00:15:48
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Description:
Ch 15 Pharm book
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