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What are the four functions of the circulatory system
- transportation
- homeostasis
- restricts fluid loss
- fights pathogens
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what function of the circulatory system carries oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and all the tissues of the body
transportation
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what function of the circulatory system carries nutrients from the digestive system and storage areas to all the tissue of the body
transportation
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what function of the circulatory system carries wastes to the liver and kidneys for detoxification or removal
transportation
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what function of the ciruclatory system carries hormones from endocrine glands to target muscles
transportation
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what function of the circulatory system regulates temp by moving heat from skeletal muscles to the superficial blood vessels
homeostasis
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what function of the circulatory system transfer water and electrolytes to and from tissues to stabilize their balance
homeostasis
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what function of the circulatory system stabilizes pH with buffers
homeostasis
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what function of the circulatory system has platelets, enzymes and factors that initiate clotting
homeostasis
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what function of the circulatory system has white blood cells and antibodies found in blood that locate and destroy pathogenic organisms
fights pathogens
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what are the two main components of blood
- plasma-liquid
- formed elements-cells
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what does blood consist of
- white blood cells
- red blood cells
- plamsa
- platelets
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how many liters of blood does an average adult carry
5-6 liters
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what is the pH of an average adults blood
7.35-7.45
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what 3 things make up plasma
- plasma protein
- other solutes
- water
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how much blood is plasma
55%
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how much blood is formed elements
45%
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what are the 3 types of plasma proteins
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
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what type of plasma protein is a major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma and transports lipids and steroid hormones
albumins
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what type of plasma protein transports ions, hormones, lipids, and helps the immune function
globulins
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what type of plasma protein is an essential componenet of the clotting system and can be converted to insoluble fibrin
fibrinogen
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what are the other solutes that make up plasma
- electrolytes
- organic nutrients
- organic waste
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what are the ions of electorlytes
sodium, potassium, and cloride
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what are the examples of organic nutrients
- fatty acids
- glucose
- amiono acids
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what type of other solute is carried to sites of breakdown or excretion
organic waste
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what are examples of organic waste
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what are 3 things that make up formed elements
- platelets
- white blood cells
- red blood cells
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what is the producing of formed elements called
hemopoiesis
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what does hemopoiesis primarily occur in adults
myeloid tissue
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where is myeloid tissue found
bone marrow
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what cells are made from myeloid tissue
- red blood cells
- platelets
- eosinophils
- neutrophils
- basophils
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besides myeloid tissue, where else does hemopoiesis occur
lympathic tissue
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what is lymphatic tissue found
- lymph nodes
- thymus gland
- spleen
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what cells are made from lymphatic tissue
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wht is the functino of red blood cells
- carry oxygen to from lungs to tissues
- carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
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how much do red blood cells make up of formed element volume
99%
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what shape are red blood cells
biconcave discs, with a flexible smi permeable membrane
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do red blood cells contain important organelles
no
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what type does oxygen bind to
hemoglobin
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what is the lifespan of red blood cells
120 days
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how are red blood cells destroyed
- hemolize(wear out)
- devoured by phagocytes
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what happens if red blood cells are phagocytized
iron ion in the hemoglobin molecule will be recycled and cell remnants are eliminated via urine
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what are molecules found on the surface of cell membranes that can be detected by the body's immune system
antigens
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what do antibodies cause by holding onto the antigens of serveral red blood cells
agglutination
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how many bonding sites do anti-A and anti-B have
10
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what are the antigens located on the red blood cells called
agglutinogens
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what are the 3 agglutinogens that are significant for determining blood type
A, B, and D
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what types of agglutinogens can parents pass to their offspring
a, b, or o
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what are antibodies found in the plasma of blood that attack agglutinogens of foregin red blood cells
agglutinins
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what percents of the u.s. has type o blood
46%
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what percent of the u.s. has tpe ab
4%
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what percent of us. has type a blood
40%
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what percent of u.s. has type b blood
10%
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what percent of the u.s. has type Rh blood
85%
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what is a hormone released by the kidenys when oxygen levels are low
erythropoietin
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what hormone stimluates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells which are the transporters of oxygen
erythropoietin
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what type of cells defend body from pathogens and help remove toxisn, waste, turmor cells, and abnormal, damaged, or dead cells
white blood cells
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do white blood cells have organelles
yes
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where can white blood cells be found
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where are white blood cells stored
- bone marrow- b cells
- thymus- t cells
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where are white blood cells in circulation
upon infection
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what is the amoeboid movement of white blood that allow it to change shape and enter infected tissues called
diapedesis
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what is the chemical attration of white blood cells to foregin materials and dead cells for phaocytosis
chemotaxis
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what are the 5 types of leukocytes
- neutrohpil
- eosinophil
- basophil
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
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what type of leukocyte is phagocytic and engulfs pathogens and damaged cells
neutrophil
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what types of leukocyte releases cytotoxic enzymes
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what type of leukocyte releases chemcials to signal other WBC'S
Neutrophil
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what type fo leukocyte is phagocytic and engulfs antibody labeled materials
eosinophils
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what type of leukocyte promotes inflammation
eosinophils
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what type of leukocyte enters damaged tissue, releases histamine with promotes inflammtion and heparin which prevents clotting
basophils
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what type of leukocyte releases cytotoxic enzymes in response to parasitic worm infection
basophils
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what type of leukocyte is a macrophage
monocyte
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what type of leukocyte provides defense agaisnt specific pathogens/ toxins
lymphocytes
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what percent of wbcs are neutrophils
50-70
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what percent of wbcs are basophils
less then 1
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what percent of wbcs are lymphocytes
20-30
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what are the hormones released by monocytes to stimulate bone marrow to make more wbcs
colony stimulating factors
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what cells function in clotting blood and also cease clotting when vessel is mended
platelets/ thrombocytes
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how are platlets made
by red bone marrow
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what is the life expentancy of platelets
less then 10 days
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what aren't platelets considered to be a cell
lack a nucleus, organelles and is considered a cell fragment
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what percent of plasma is water
90
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besides water, what else makes up plasma
nutrients, dissolved gases, hormones, ions/electrolytes, and waste, and plasma proteins
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what are the 3 types of plasma proteins
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
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what plasma protein is responsible for blood viscosity, osmotic pressure
albumins
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what plasma protein transports fatty acids, free bilirubin, and thyroid hormone
albumin
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which plasma protein transports hemoglobin, copper, lipids, fat soluable vitamins, hormones, and iron
globulins
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which plasma protein promotes blood clotting
globulins
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which plasma protein aids in the destruction of toxins and microorganisms
globulins
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which plasma protein is also callled immunoglobins/anitibodies and fight pathogens
globulins
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which plasma protein functions in the clotting of blood at an injury site
fibrinogen
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which plasma protein is the most common
albumins
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which plasma protein is the least common
fibrinogen
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what is the blood plasma with the clotting agents removed called
serum
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what are the 2 upper chambers of the heart that receive blood
atria
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which atrium receives deoxygenated blood
right atrium
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which atrium receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
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what are the two lower chambers that pump blood away from the heart
ventricles
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what is the cardiac muscle that divides the heart into right and left halves (interatrial and interventricular)
septum
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what prevents the back flow of blood between the ventricle and atria
atrioventricular valves
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what prevents blood from reentering the heart once the ventricles have pumped it away
semilunar valves
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which semilunar valve is located betweeen the right ventrical and pulmonary artery
pulmonary
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which semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta artery
aortic
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what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
- epicardium
- mycardium
- endocardium
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which layer of the heart wall is the visceral pericardius, and the serious membrane that attaches to the myocardium
epicardium
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which layer of the heart wall is the muscular wall of the heart , forms both artria and ventricles
myocardium
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which layer of the heart is cardiac muscle embedded with blood vessels, nerves and connective tissues
myocardium
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which layer of the heart is squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart chambers and its valves
endocardium
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what type of blood vessels is large, and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, and has thick wall for high blood pressure
artery
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what type of blood vessel are smaller than arteries and carry blood away from the heart and toward tissue capillaries
-
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what type of blood vessles that are only one cell thick which allows for diffusion of intracellular and extracellular substances
capillaries
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what type of blood vessels are small and carry deoxygenated blood from the capiillary beds towards veins
-
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what type of blood vessel are large and carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart and has a large lumen and valves to prevent back flow
veins
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what are the 3 types of circulatory routes
- systematic
- pulmonary
- coronary
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which type of circulatory route is the movement of blood from the left ventricle to the right artia
systematic
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which type of circulatory route is the movement of blood from the right atria through the lungs and back to the left ventricle
pulmonary
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which type of circulatory route is the movement of blood from the aorta through the coronary arteries and veins of the eart and back to the inferior vena cava vein
coronary
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what is the extension of the umbilical vein that will take blood past the liver and into the inferior vena cava
ductus venosus
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what shunts blood from the right atrium directly to the left atrium and closes at birth
foramen ovale
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what diverts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta and closes at birth
ductus arteriosus
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what is the heart conduction pathway
sinoatrail node to atriventricular node to bundle of his to purkinje fibers
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what records the electrical activites of the heart
electrocardiogram- ECG, EKG
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what is the deflection caused by atrial depolarization impulse which leads to atrial contraction calledq
p wave
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what is the ventricular depolarization/impulse that leads to ventricular contraction
qrs complex
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what is atrial repolarization not seen on an EKG
its masked by ventricular depolarization occuring simultaneously
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what is the deflection caused by ventricular repolarization
t wave
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what is the time between the beginning or atrial depolarization and the beginning of ventricular depolarization
p-q interval
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what is the time for singular ventricular depolarization- repolarization cycle
q-t interval
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what is the period between the start one one heartbeat and the beginning of the next called
cardiac cycle
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how long does one cardiac cycle/ heart beat take
.8 secs
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what is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each beat, 70 ml called
stroke volume
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what is the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute, 5L
cardiac output
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what is the amount of pressure that blood is exerting on blood vessels and is higher in arteries then veins
blood pressure
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what is the blood pressure during ventricular contraction
systole
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what is the blood pressure during ventricular relaxation called
diastole
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what is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, the measurement of an artery expanding and then recoiling called
pulse
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what does pulse detect
- heart rate
- strength
- rhythmicity
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what is the force that blood exerts agaisnt the inners walls of blood vessels
blood pressure
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what is the max pressure during ventricular contraction called
systole
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what is the lowest pressure that remains in the arteries before the next ventricular contraction
diastolic pressure
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what is an instrument used to amplify sound
stethoscope
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what is an instrument used to measure blood pressure
sphygmoanomoter
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what disease is the conditions in which oxygen carrying capactiy of blood is reduced due to low hemoglobin count
anemia
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what disease is a bulge in a weakened wall of a blood vessle, usually an artery
aneurysm
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what disease is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in vessles lining and the formation of a plaque
atherosclerosis
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what disease is a slower heart rate than normal
bradycardia
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what disease is a faster than normal heart rate
tachycardia
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what disease is the abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical activity
cardiac arrhythmia
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what disease is the pericardial inflammation in which fluid collects in the pericardial sac restricting cardiac output
cardiac tamponade
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what disease is a group of disease characterized by the progressive, irreversible degeneration of myocardium
cardiomyopathies
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what disease is the analysis of blood yielding: rbc, wbc, and platelet count, hemoglobin and hemtaocrit
complete blood count
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what disease is the condition that develops when the left ventricle can no longer keep pace the right ventricle and blood backs up into the pulmonary circuit, leading to pulmonary edema
congestive heart failure
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what disease is the failure to deliver sufficient oxygen to body tissues
circulatory shock
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what disease is the result of any type of heart failure, including myocardial infarctions and heart infections
cardiogenic shock
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what disease is due to a loss of blood volume in blood vessels
hypovolemic/hemorragic shock
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what disease is the dilation of blood vessels due to involuntary nerve stimulation of vessels
neurogenic shock
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what disease is an acute allergic reaction resulting in vessel dialation
anaphylatic shock
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what disease results from pathogens releasing toxins into the blood stream, causing blood vesssles to dialate
septic shock
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what is a device used to eliminate fibrillation and restore normal caridac rhythm
defibrillator
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what is the volume percent of rbcs in whole blood
hematocrit
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what is the ultrasound analysis of the heart and the blood flow through major vessels
echocardiography
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what is a reaction of a mothers Rh antibodies against a fetus Rh + rbcs causing agglutination
erythroblastosis fetalis
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what is the rapid, uncontrolled, and uncoordinated spasms of heartr walls, atrial or ventricular
fibrillation
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what disease is a condition affecting normal heart rhythm; characterized by imparied communication between the SA and AV node and the ventricular myocardium resulting from damage to conduction pathways caused by mechanical distortion, ischemia, infection or inflammation
heart block
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what disease is the inherited disorder characterized by inadequate production of clotting factors
hemphilia
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what disease is the abnormally high blood pressure
hypertension
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what disease is blood pressure that is too low
hypotension
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what disease is low tissue oxygen levels
hypoxia
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what disease are cancers of the red bone marrow in which abnoraml production of one or more white blood cells
leukemia
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what disease occurs when mitral valve cusps don't close properly caused by papillary muscle malfunciton or chordea tendinae being to long or to short
mitral valve prolaspe
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what is a black flow of blood called
murmur
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what type of disease infects b lymphocytes by the epstein virus
monocucleosis
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what type of disease alters lymphocytes which then are attacked by other wbc's causing fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes
mononucleosis
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what disease has prolonged heart attacks due to blood flow to the heart and causes cell death
myocardial infarction
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what disease is the inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
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what disease is when heart valves become thickened and stiffen into a partially closed position
rheumatic heart disease
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what is a metal, mesh tube insereted into a vessel to hold it open called
stent
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what is a blood clot called
thromus
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what is it called when a drifting blood clot lodges in a blood vessel, blocking circulation
embolism
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