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Antepartum Period
(prenatal period) begins w/ conception and ends with the onset of labor
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Preconception Health Care
assessing for risk factors and implementing interventions for current health, future pregnancies.
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Anticipatory guidence
provision of information and guidence to women and their familes that enables then to be knowledgeable andprepared as the process of pregnancy unfold
Nutrition, PNV, exercise, self-care, contraception cessation, timing of conception, modifying behaviors to reduce risks
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Maternal obesity is associated with...
- LGA (large gestational age)
- prolonged labor
- postpartum hemorrhage
- poor wound healing
- preeclampsia, hypertension, GDM, thromboembolism, uti
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Presumptive signs of pregnancy
amenorrhea
N/V
Breast tenderness
Fatigue
Frequency
Quickening-movement at 18weeks
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Probable signs of pregnancy-
objective signs such as:
-Chadwick's, Goodell's, Hegar's, & Ballottement
-Melasma & Linea Nigra
-Positivie pregnancy test
All of these changes can also have causes other than pregnancy an are not considered diagnostic
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Chadwick's sign
bluish-purple coloration of the vaginal mucosa, cervix, and vulva seen at 6-8 weeks
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Goodell's Sign
Softening of the cervix and vagina with increased leukorrheal discharge, palpated at 8 weeks
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Hegars sign
Softening of the lower uterine segment, plapated at 6 weeks
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Ballottement sign
a light tap of the examining finger on the cervix causes fetus to rise in the amniotic flud and then rebound to its original position at 16-18 weeks
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Melasma (chloasma)
Linea Nigra
-mask of pregnancy, brown pigmentation over forehead, temples, cheek and upper lip
-dark line that runs from the umbilicus to the pubes
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Positive signs of pregnancy
- -ascultation of the fetal heart
- -observation and palpation of fetal movement by the examiner
- -sonographic visualization of the fetus w/ cardiac movement (4-8 weeks)
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Naegele's Rule
EDD= First day of period - 3 months + 7 days
based on 28 day, regular cycle
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Term gestation
5 weeks from 37-42 weeks gestation
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Trimesters
First= first day lmp-12 weeks
2nd=13-27 weeks
3rd= 28-40 weeks
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3 part of uterus
- Fundus-upper portion
- Isthmus-lower segment
- Cervix-neck, external posrt of cervix interfaces with the vagina
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BMI and how much need to gain in pregnancy
- underweight < 19.8 (28-40lbs)
- average 19.8-26.0 (25-35)
- Overweight 26.1-29 (15-25lbs)
- Obese > 29 (15lbs)
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Gravida
# of times pregnant, including current pregnancy
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Para
any birth that occured after 20 weeks gestation regardless if baby was born alive
(pregnancy ending prior to 20 weeks is abortion)
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GTPAL
- Gravida
- T= term infats born after 37 weeks gestation
- P= # of preterm infants born b/e 20-37 weeks gestation
- A= #of pregnanacies ending before 20 weeks
- L= # of children currently living
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Nulligravida
is a woman who has never been pregnant or given birth
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Primigravida
Woman who has been pregnant for the first time
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Multigravida
someone who is pregnant for at least the 2nd time
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First Trimester
- H & P
- pelvic exam
- uterine growth assessment
- fetal heart tones
- lab and diagnostc studies
- education/anticipatory guidence
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second trimester
- confirm EDD
- Lab and diagnostic studies
- Rhogam
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third trimester
- focused assessment
- fetal well-being
- pelvic exam
- Leopolds maneuver-baby position
- group B
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implantation
- day 5,6
- progesterone stimulates endometrium
- upper part of posterior wall of uterus
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chorion
chorionic villi
amnion
- -1st membrane to form. Outermot layer of developing embryo
- -fingelike projections extend into the endometrium
- -the inner membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, contains the amniotic fluid
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placenta
- -fully functional 8-10 weeks gestation
- -produces progesterone, estrogen, HCG and human placental lactogen(hPL)
- -Metabolic and nutrient exchange b/w maternal and ebryonic circulation: allows for o2/co2 exchange
- -secretes wastes and hormones
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Progesterone
Estrogen
hCG
hPL
-facilitates implantation and decreases uterine contraction, "maintains pregnancy"
-stimulates placental blood flow, enlargement of breasts and uterus
-rises rapidly in first trimester then declines once placenta able to secrete estrogen and progesterone
-promotes fetal growth by regulating glucose & stimulates bresat development in prep for lactation
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Fetal circulatory system
Maintains blood flow to placenta
Provides fetus with o2 and nutrients
Removes co2 and waste
bypasses fetal lung b/c they dont carry out respiration enchange; placenta does this
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Ductus Venosus
-umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
-o2 able to enter the rght atrium
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Foramen ovale
-opening b/w the right and left atria
-o2 blood shunted to the left atrim via this
-after dleivery closes inresponse to increased blood returning to the left atrium
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Ductus Arteriosus
-connects pulmonary artery with the descending aorta
-o2 bloodis shunted to the aorta via this with small amounts going to lungs
-after delivery constricts in repsonse to o2 levels and prostaglandins
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amniotic fluid
- -protection
- -temp control
- -symmetrical growth
- -prevents from adhearing to amnion
- -promotes movement
- -wedge for labor
- -umbilicall free from compression
- -full term 500-1000ml
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umbilical cord
- -protected by whartons jelly
- -attaches fetus to placenta
- -2 arteries: takes blood frm fetus to mother
- -1 vein: mother to fetus
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Pre-embryonic stage
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage
-1st-14 days starting with fertilization
-day15-end of 8th week
- -8th week-9 1/2 lunar month
- (every organ present by 8th week, remainder of gestation devoted to refining structures and perfecting function)
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Maternal Tasks of pregnancy (Rubin)
- -ensuring that mother & baby emerge from pregnancy healthy
- -ensure social acceptence of child by significant others
- -maternal-fetal attachment
- sacrificing for pregnancy and child
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Seven Dimesions of Maternal Role Development (Lederman)
- -Acceptence of pregnancy: responding to changes
- -Identification of the motherhood role: woman-with-child
- -relationship to her mother
- -reordering relationship with her husband/partner
- -preparation for labor
- -prenatal fear of control in labor
- -prenatal fear of loss of self-esteem in labor
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Factors that influence a womans ability to adapt to the maternal role
- Parity (multiple pregnancies)
- maternal age
- sexual orientation
- single parenting
- multifetal pregnancies
- socioeconomic factor
- abuse
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couvade syndrome
men expirience pregnancy symptoms
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3 phases of fathers (May)
-announcement phase
-moratorium phase-emotional distance, resentment, disruption in communiation
-focusing phase-redefines himself as dad
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biophysical factors
originate from the mother or fetus and impact the development or function of the mother or fetus
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Psychosocial factors
maternal behaviors/lifestyles that have a negative effect on the mother or fetus
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Sociodemographic factors
are vriables that pertain to the woman and her family and place the mother and the fetus at increased risk
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Environmental factors
hazards in the workplace/environment that impact pregnancy outcomes
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chorionic villus sampling
aspiration of a small amount of placental tissue fr chromosomal, mtabolic , or DNA testing
- -10 to 12 weeks
- -tests for cystic fibrosis (not neural tube)
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Triple and Quad screens
combines AFP, HCG, and estriol level for detection of trisomies and neural tube defects; quad adds inhibin A to test downs at 80% accuracy
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Daily fetal movement count
to detect hypoxic fetuses: 4 movements in one hour
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NST
records accelerations in the fetal heart rate in relation to fetal actvity. Widely accepted method for evaluation of fetal status.
-reactive when FHR increases 15 beats above baseline for 15 seconds twice in 20 minutes
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Vibroacoustic stimulation
used in conjuction with NST and EFM, fake larynx that stimulates baby to move
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Contraction Stress Test (CST)
identifies fetus at risk for cmpromise through observation of the fetal response to intermittent resuction in utero placental bloos flow associated with stimulated uterine contractions
- -monitor fetal activty 20 minutes
- -if no spontaneous UC's, stimulate UC's with oxytocin via IV until 3 UC's in 10 o 20 minutes lsting 40 seconds
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AFI
abnormal is below 5cm = oligohydramnios
abnormal is above 24cm = polyhydramnios
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BPP
ultrasund assessment of fetal status with an NST. Evaluation of fetal reflex activities that are CNS controlled; detect hypoxia through fetal breathing movement, gross body movement, fetal tone, amniotic fluid volume, and heart rate reactivity
score of 8-10 is good, 6 is ?, and 4 or less is non-reassuring
Modified BPP includes an AFI test
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Preterm labor
Preterm Birth
labor that occurs b/w 20-36 weeks
gestational age at birth of less than 37 weeks
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late preterm infant
moderaely preterm infant
very preterm infant
-born b/w 34-36 weeks
-born b/w 32-36 weeks
-born before 32 weeks
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Low birth weight infant
Very low birth weight infant
extremely low birth weight infant
-weighs less than 2500 grams regardless of gestational age
-weighs less than 1500 grams at birth
-weighs less than 1000 grams at birth
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Medical Management of Preterm labor
-Tocolytic drugs-surpress uterine contractions; usually terbutaline or nifedipine
-bed rest
-IV hydration
-Antibiotics
-Corticsteroid therapy- betamethasone/dexamethasone accelerate feta lung maturity; given 24-34 weeks
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when is premature labor allowed to continue?
- -diation of 4cm
- -at risk for PIH
- -lethal fetal anomaly
- -severe maternal disease
- -hemorrhage
- -acute fetal distress
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What does fFn do?
is a protein detected via immunoassay; it is better at predicting if a patient will not go into preterm labor within the next 7-14 days.
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Dx of Preterm Labor
gestational age of >20 weeks and <37 weeks
UC's >6/hour
and/or: rupture of membranes, cervix >1cm or 80% effaced
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Magnesium sulfate (tocolytic drug)
- *contraindicated in preterm labor, used for hypertension
- -turn off excess noise and dim lights
- -vitals every 5-15 mins.
- -monitor signs of decreased reflexes, resp. depression, I & O
- -Keep Calcium gluconate available for toxicity
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Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors:
Indomethacin
Naproxen
Fenoprofen
-Delays delivery 48+ hours; b/c of fetal sde effects generally used short term and not before 32 weeks
-fetal side effects heart, hypertension, oligohydraminosis, and hemorrhages
-oral medication
-GI upset for mommy
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Calcium Channel Blockers:
Nifedipine
Nicardipine
-block calcium available for muscle contraction, delays deliver for 48-72 hours
-10-20 mg po q 4-6 hours
-Monitor FHR and UC's, maternal BP and HR (hold if BP <90/50 or HR >120)
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Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
Ritodrine
Terbutaline
-surpress uterine activity, delays delivery for 3 days
-Give IV or SQ
-Monitor FHR and UC's, I & O for overload, Auscultate lungs for pulmonary edema, HR >120, maternal blood glucose
-contraindicated in women with cardia disease
*can tx COPD
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Premature Rupture of membranes
rupture of the chorioamniotic membranes before the onset of labor
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Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM)
rupture of membranes with a premature gestation of < 37 weeks
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Prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM)
>24 hours
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AROM
SROM
-Artificial Rupture of membraes; MD
-Spontaneous Rupture of membranes
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Risk factors for PPROM
- -previous PPROM
- -Previous preterm delivery
- -bleeding during pregnancy
- -multiple gestation
- -STD's
- -cigarette smoking
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Fern test
Nitrazine paper
Confirms the rupture of membranes
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Incompetent cervix
-mechanical defect in the cervix that results in painless cervical dilation and ballooning of the membranes into the vagina followed by epxpulsion of a premature fetus during the second trimester
-short cervical length, hx fetal loses in 2nd trimester, live fetus w/ intact membranes
-us or cervical length and funneling, cerclage (purse string)
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Multiple gestation pregnancies
Monozygotic & Dizygotic Twins
pregnancies with more than one fetus
-one zygote that divides in 1st trimester (always same gender)
-fertilization of two eggs
-maternal risks include: preterm labor, PPROM, HTN, Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes, Anemia, SOB, Pulmonary edea and c-section
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Hyperemesis Gravidrum
-vomiting during pregnancy that is so sever it leads to dehydration, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, and starvation ketosis
-r/t rising levels of HCG in 1st trimester
-dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, malaise, low BP
-Vitamin B and antiemetics, IV hydration, Labs to monitor kidney and liver function
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Diabetes Mellits
Type 1 vs. Type 2
type 1- autoimmunity of beta cells in the pancrease, insulin deficiency, managed w/ insulin
tpye 2-insulin resistence & inadequate insulin production, obesity, managed w/ diet, exercise, meds
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Hormones that antagonize insulin production for developing fetus
placenta produces-Human placental lactogen,Progesterone, Growth Hormone, and Corticotropin-releasing hormone
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pregestatinal diabetes rsik factors for woman
- -hypoglycemia
- -Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- -hypertension & preeclampsia
- -polhydraminos/ oligohydraminos
- -infection
- -c-section
- -induction of labor
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pregestational diabetes risk for new born
- -hypoglycemia r/t fetal hyperinsulinemia
- -hypocalcemia and hypomagnesmia
- -IUGR
- -asphyxia
- -hyperbilirubinemia r/t polycythemia and RBC breakdown (jaundice)
- -macrosomia
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4 stages of hypertensive disorders:
Chronic Hypertnsion
Pre-eclampsia-eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic
hypertensionGestational Hypertension
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Chronic Hypertension
hypertension before conception or before 20th week of gestation; may put the woman at high risk for developing preeclampsia
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preeclampsia-eclampsia
systemic disease with hypertension accompanied by proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation
eclampsia =seizure
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preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension
hypertensive women who develop new-onset proteinuria; proteinuria before the 20th week gestation; r sudden uncontrolled hypertension
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gestational hypertension
high BP detected for the 1st time after mid-pregnancy w/o proteinuria.
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preeclampsia
mild vs severe
- mild-
- bp > 140/90
- proteinurea 1+ 2+
- generalized edema of face, hands, ankles
- severe-
- b/p 160-100
- preoteinurea 3+ 4+
- oliguria- urine output < 500ml in 24 hrs, generalized edema
- headache
- blurred vision
- n/v
- epigastric pain= convulsion
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How do you treat mild preeclampsia
- -bedrest
- -left lateral recumbent position
- -monitor bp
- -diet of 80-100 mg protein
- -limit sodium and salt
- -weekly nst's
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eclampsia
-occurence of seizure activity in the presence of preeclapsia. Eclampsia is triggered by cerebral: vasospasm, hemorrhage, ischemia, edema
-symptoms of headsches, n/v, spigastric pain, hyperreleca w clonus, restlessnedd
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How do you care for a pt on magnesium sulfate
-Assess vitals before and q 5-15 minutes p during loading dose, then 30-60 minutes until pt stablizes
-assess DTR's deep tendon reflexes
-I&O (renal disease and oligo at risk for toxicity)
-Sob or RR <24
-Chest Pain
-If toxicity suspected, discontinue and notify Dr. (calcium gluconate available)
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Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP Syndrome)
-variant chages in lab values that can occur as a complication of severe eclampsia
- -Hemolysis is a result of RBC destruction as they travel through constricted vessels
- -Elevated Liver Enzymes results from decrased blood flow and damage to the liver
- -Low platlets result from platelets aggregating at the site of damaged cascular endothelium causing platelet consumption and thrombocytopenia
-only tx is dleivery
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Lab values of HELLP syndrome
- platelets <100,000/mm
- Liver enzymes: AST >70, ALT>50
- Bilirubin >1.2
- LDH >600
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Risk for woman and fetus from HELLP syndrome
- -abrupto placenta
- -renal failure
- -liver hematoma and possibl rupture
- -death
- preterm birth and infant death
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What are some presenting symptoms to HELLP syndrome
- -epigastric pain
- -unexplained bruising, mucosal bleeding
- -petechiae
- -bleeding from IV site
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what is placenta previa
placenta attaches to the lower uterine segment of the uterus, near or ver the internal cervialooos, instead of in the body of fundus of the uterus
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Total placenta previa
Partial Placenta previa
Marginal Placenta previa
Low-lying placenta
-the placenta completely covers the internal cervical os
-the placenta partially covers
-pacenta is at the margin
-implanted in the lower uterine segment in close proximity to the cervix
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Abruptio Placenta
seperation of the placenta
grade 1-3
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Placenta Accreta
abnormality of implantation defined by degree of invasion into uterine wall of trophblast of placenta
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placenta accrete
placenta increta
placenta percreta
-invasion of the trophoblast beyond the normal boundary
-invasion of the trophoblast extends into uterine myometrium
-invasion of th etrophoblast extends into the uterine musculature and can adhere to to other pelvic organs
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Induced abortion
Elective abortion
Therapeutic abortion
Spontaneous Abortion
-medical/surgical termination of pregnancy before fetal viabilit
-termination at the request of the woman, but not for impaired health of mother or fetus
-termination of pregnancy fo serious maternal medical condition or serious fetal anomalies
-abortion occurring w/o medical or mechanical means, miscarriage
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ectopic pregnancy
blastocyst implanting somewhere other than the endometrial lining of the uterus; occur in the fallopian tube
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hydatiform mole (molar pregnancy)
benign proliferating growth ofte trophoblast in which the chrionic villi develop into endomatous, cystiv vascular transparent vesicles that hang in grapelike clusters w/o a viable fetus
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what are risk of std in pregnancy
leadto PTL, PROM, and uterine infection
can also lead to PID, infertiltiy, chronic hepatitis, and cervical cancer
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TORCH
(Toxoplasmosis, Other (hep B), Rubella and Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes)
torch infection are teratogenic to a developing fetus
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Trauma During pregnancy
is the leading cause of maternal death during pregnancy and is more likely to cause maternal death than any other compliation of pregnancy
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toxoplasmosis
avoid eating raw meat and contact with cat feces
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Hepatitis B
Infant recieves HBIG and hepatitis vaccine at delivery
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Rubella
woman recieved immunity injection p delivery
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Cytomegalovirus
virus of herpes group transmitted by contact droplet and transplacetally; no tx
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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
acyclovir to suppress outbreak of lesions; c-section in having aan active outbreak
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anemia in pregnancy
catorgorized as hemoglobin < 10g and hematocrit < 30%
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The 4 "p's"
- Powers- the contractions
- Passage- the pelvis and birth canal
- Passenger-the fetus
- Psyche-the response of the woman
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Uterine Contractions
frequency-begining of one to begining of another
duration-time from the beginning of a contractin to the end of the contraction
- Intensity- strength of the contraction
- Mild-easily indented during contraction
- Moderate- resistant to indentation
- Strong-cannot be indented
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3 phases of a contraction
Increment- ascending/buildup of the contraction that begins in the fundus and spreads throughout the uterus
acme- peak of intensity
Decrement- descending/relaxation of the uterine musce
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effacement
precedes dilation in a first time pregnancy; effacement and dilation preogression of the cervix occurs together in subsquent pregnancies
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passage
the maternal pelvis is the greatest determinate in the vaginal delivery of the fetus
includes te bony pelvis and the soft tissues of the cervix, pelvic floor, vagina, and introitus(external opening to the vagina)
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Types of boney pelvis
- Gynecoid-most common
- Android
- anthropoid
- Platypoid
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station
refers to the relationship of the ischial spine to the presenting part of the fetus and assists in assessing for fetal descent during labor. 0 is the narrowest diameter the fetus must pass through + is outside the pelvis
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Molding
-ability of the fetal head to change shape to accomodate/fit throuh the maternal pelvis
-membranous space b/w bons is the sutures; intersections of these sutures are fontanels
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fetal attitude or posture
relationship of fetal parts to one another; flexion/extension of the fetal joints
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fetal lie
-long axis (spine) of the fetus in relationship to the long axis (spine) of the woman
-longitudal (yes) and transverse (no)
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fetal presentation: presenting part
cephalic-head, breech-pelvis, shoulder
- right/left occiput anterior
- right/left occiput posterior
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psyche
satisfaction during labor and birthing process is enhanced with coordination of collaborative goals
selfesteem, self confidence, relationship to others and general view she holds of life
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lightening
refers to the descent of the fetus into the true pelvis that occurs approximately w weeks before term in first time pregnancies
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nitrazine paper
ferning
-is placed in a visble pool of fluid around the cervix. the paper turnsblue when in contact with amniotic fluid
-a sterile speculum exam may be performed to confirm rupture of membranes; fluid is viewed under microscope "ferning pattern"
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stages of labor
- stage 1: onset of labor through 10cm dilitation
- stage 2: complete dilitatio of cervix through delivery of baby
- stage 3: begins after delivery of baby and ends with delivery of placenta
- stage 4: begins after delivery of the placenta and is completed 4 hours later, it is the immediate postpartum period
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phases of labor
- latent 0-3
- active 4-7
- transistion 8-10
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apgar score
done at 1 and 5 minutes
- hr
- RR
- muscle tone/flexion
- reflex irritability/tactile stimulation
- color
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