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Causes of the Crisis leading up to the French Revolution
- Louis XV defeat in war
- French involvement in American Revolution
- Versailles
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Facts about the Compte Rendu
- Report to the king from Jacques Necker
- Forget Debt of American Revolution & Pennance to Aristocracy
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Makeup of the Estates General & reasons for its convening in 1789
- 1st Estate= Clergy
- 2nd Estate= Nobles
- 3rd Estate= Commoners
- Meant to help debt problem
- Last met in 1614
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Financial reforms of Charles Calonne
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1st & 2nd Estates attempts to limit rights of 3rd Estate
- Vote by Estate
- Each estate gets 1 vote
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Grievances included as part of the cashiers de doleances
- Government waste
- Unfair taxing
- Exclusive rights for aritocracy
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Creation of the National Assembly
- June 1, 1789
- When 3rd Estate members broke out & formed N.A.
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Facts about the Tennis Court Oath
Oath taken by N.A. to write a constitution
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Reasons for riots in winter of 1788 & spring of 1789
Bread prices rose
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Facts about and significance of the Storming of the Bastille
- Got rid of Jacques Necker
- Troops around outside
- Starting point for revolution
- July 15, Marquis de Lafeyette took control of the citizen militia
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The Night of August 4th
When members of N.C.A. and decided to declare feudalism abolished
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Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
- Drafted by N.C.A.
- Based on ideas of Rousseau & Montesquieu
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Jean Paul Marat
- Editor & Author of "the friend of the people"
- Responsible for paranoia
- Murdered by Charlotte Cordat
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The "October Days"
- Caused by rise in bread prices
- Women came marching
- Royal family moved to Tuillerie palace
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National Constituent Assembly and its preferred form of Govt.
Constitutional Monarchy
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Characteristics & facts about the Constitution of 1791
- Established Monarchy would be representative
- Legislative Assembly
- 50,000 could participate
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Declaration of the Rights of Women
Olympe de Gouge
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Examples of economic reforms during the Reconstruction of France
- New weights & measurements
- Deregulation of grain
- Assignats
- Chapelier Law (Forbade Labor Unions)
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The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
- Placed church under state control
- Required church to take an oath
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Roman Catholic Church's view of the Revolution/Departements
Condemned it & also was condemning revolution
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Characteristics and Facts about the Jacobins
- Political Club that dominated, highlight of political division
- Girondists=Conservative, Constitution Monarch
- MonteGnard=Sans-Coulettes, Rousseauian ideas
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Facts about the Sans Culottes and their goals and methods
- Working Class
- Refused to wear knee britches
- Paris Commune
- Republicans
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The September Massacres
First week of September when over 1200 belived counterrevolutionaries killed
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Challenges facing the French revolutionary govt. by 1793
- Monarchy
- War
- Counterrevolutionaries
- Political & Religious division
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The Declaration of Pillnitz
Prussia & Austria: If the royal family hamed, they would intervene
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The National Convention and its actions
- Emerges after Stoming of Tuillerie Palace
- Draft a democratic constitution
- Declared France a republic
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Countries at war w/ France by 1793
Britain, Prussia, Austria, Holland, Spain
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Edmund Burke's view of the French Revolution
- Out of Control
- Reflection on the Revolutions of France
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The Paritions of Poland
- 1772, 1793, 1795
- Russia, Prussia, Austria
- Poland disappears from map
- Polish Patriots
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Levee En Masse
Mass recquisition where all citizens defend republic & revolution
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Ways in which the French Republic attemted to achieve a "Republic of Virtue"
- Repression of women
- Dechristianization of France
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Values important to the Republic of Virtue
- Rousseau & Social Contract
- Community over individual
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The Committee of Public Safety and its purpose
- 12 Member of National Convention
- Lead by Robespierre
- Finding & Eliminating threats to revolution
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The Great Fear
- Burning of Chateux (Destruction of legal records & documents)
- Refusal to pay feudal dues
- Targets were both aristocratic & ecclesiastical landlords.
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Facts about the Reign of Terror
- Executions of all social classes
- People felt the need to protect the revolution.
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Law of 22 Prairial
Permitted revolutionary tribunal to convict suspects without hearing substantial evidence against them
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Facts about Robespierre
- Dominant figure on Committee of Public Safety
- Favored a republic
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Results of the Thermidorian Reaction
- Establishment of the Directory
- Removal of Sans-Culottes from political life
- Another Constitution
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"Bands of Jesus" and the White Terror
Dragged suspected terrorists from prisons & murdered them much as alleged royalists had been murdered during September Massacres
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Women's rights before and after the Revolution
- Women had more rights in 1789 before the revolution.
- More say in politics
- More equality in marriage
- Divorce was easier
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Which group of French society were the greatest victors
The Middle Class
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Facts about Napoleon Bonaparte
- Born in Corsica
- Tulan: Beat the British
- Supporter of the revolution (Jacobin)
- Overthrew the directory (Coup of 18 Brumaire) and created the consulate
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Results of the Coup of 18 Brumaire
Constitution of Year VIII established Consulate
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Treat of Campo Formio
- 1797
- Napoleon achieved
- Northern Italy
- Defeated Austris
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Ways in which Napoleon attempted to suppress foreign & domestic opposition
- Grant a pardon to people
- All walks of life to be part of government
- Dissolving 2nd Coalition
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The Concordat of 1801, facts, its purpose, and results
Peace with the church
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Facts about the Napoleonic Code
- United French Law
- Abolished vestiges of Ancien Regime
- Forbade Workers' Unions
- Primogenative (Son inheriting everything..) abolished
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Facts regarding Napoleon becoming the Emperor of France
- 1804
- Crowned himself
- Cathedral of Notre Dame
- Plebiscite voting
- Jacques Louis David
- 1802: Consul for Life
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The Battle of Trafalgar
- October 21, 1805
- Great Britain vs. France & Spain
- Lord Nelson died & won
- Britain controlled the seas
- Napoleon gave up idea of a land invasion
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Prime Minister of Britain during the French Revolution
William Pitt
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Peace of Amiens
- 1802
- Between France & Great Britain
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Napoleon's victories in Central Europe
- Battle of Ulm
- Battle of Austerlitz
- Battle of Jena
- Battle of Friedland
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Battle of Ulm
- Oct. 1805
- Austria vs. France
- France wins
- Vienna taken
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Battle of Austerlitz
- Dec. 1805
- Austria & Russia vs France
- Napoleon King of Italy
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Battle of Jena
- Oct. 1806
- Defeated Prussia
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Battle of Friedland
- June 1807
- Russia vs France
- Napoleon & Tsar make treaty
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The Confederation of the Rhine and its significance
- July 1806
- Consolidation of west germanic states
- Weaken Austria & Prussia
- HRE disappears
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Treaty of Tilsit
- East Prussia given over to Napoleon's empire
- Prussia open ally
- Russia secret ally
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Facts about the Continental System
- Milan decree of 1807
- Prevented neutral nations from trading goods with Britain
- Didn't impact Britain very much
- Weaken Continental Europe
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Napoleon's wives
- Josephine: Divorce
- Marie Louise: Gave him an heir, Austrian princess
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Napoleon and his family as rulers
- Centralized empire by placing family members as rulers
- Spain: Joseph (brother) rules
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Napoleon's brothers rule in the kingdom of Westphalia
Wanted brother to rule constitutionally
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Prussia's response to Napoleon's Empire
- Response with "German" Nationalism
- Trying to achieve administrative, social, & military reforms
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Facts about Napoleon's Peninsular Campaign
- 1807
- To suppress Portugal
- 1808 Napoleon able to replace Bourbons after outbreak
- Bagged down by guerilla warfare
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Facts about Napoleon's Russian Campaign
- Annexation of Holland, Recognition of King of Sweden, Marriage to Marie Louise were all red flags for Tsar Alexander I
- Napoleon: 600,000 troops
- Russia: 160,000
- "Scorched Earth"
- Napoleon defeated
- Napoleon returned with only 100,000 troops
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The Battle of Nations
- Oct. 1813
- Ended with Treaty of Fontainbleu
- Napoleon Exciled to Elba
- Defeated by the European Coalition
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Facts about the Congress of Vienna
- Sep. 1814- Nov. 1815
- Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia
- No single state allowed to dominate Europe
- Strengthened states around France's border.
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The Battle of Waterloo
- June 18, 1815
- Field Marshal von Blucher defeated Napoleon
- Napoleon again abdicated and was exiled on Saint Helena, where he died in 1821
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The 100 Days
- Period of Napoleon's return
- Made peace settlement harsher for France
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Results of The Treaty of Chaumont
- Restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne and contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792
- Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed alliance to last 20 years
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Kingdom of the Netherlands
Included Belgium & Luxembourg & added port of Genoa
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Territorial adjustments and the Congress of Vienna
- HRE not revived
- Austria gained North Italy
- Prussia given territories along Rhine River
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Central characteristics and facts of Romantic Movement
- Defined as late 18th century reaction in response to the French Revolution.
- Sought to revive Christianity, restore medieval art & architecture.
- Supplement ideas of reason
- Reached its peak in Germany & England
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Art, literature, and architecture of the Romantics
Medieval times based
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Contributions of Rousseau on the Romantic Movement esp. literature
- Emile
- -1 could achieve healthy life outside civilization
- -Differences between children & adults
- -There should be separate spheres between men & women
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Immanuel Kant contributions to Romanticism
- Critique of Pure Reason
- Critique of Practical Reason
- "Phenomenal" vs "Noumenal" worlds
- Sought to accept the rationalism of Enlightenment
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English Romantic writers & their contributions to Romanticism
- Coleridge: Master of Supernatural Poety, Lyrical Ballards w/Wordsworth
- Wordsworth: Ode on Intimations of Immortality
- Lord Byron: Viewed as embodiment of liberalism, Child Harold's Pilgrimage, Don Juan
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German Romantic writers & their contributions to Romanticism
- Tieck: William Level
- Schlegel: Lucinde
- Goethe: Sorrows of the Young Werther, Faust
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Facts/ characteristics of Romantic Art
- Often portrayed scenes from medieval life
- The Middle Ages represented the social stability and religious reverence that was disappearing from their own era.
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Romantic Artists
- Constable: Politically Conservative. Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows
- William Turner: Rain, Steam and Speed-The Great Western Railway
- Caspar David Friedrich: The Polar Sea
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Romantic/Neo-Gothic architecture characteristics and notable monuments/buildings
Medieval
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Facts regarding Methodism
- Revolt against deism and rationalism in Church of England
- Leader was John Wesley
- The possibility of Christian perfection n this life
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The Genius of Christianity
- 1802
- Vascount Francois REne de Chateaubriand
- "Bible of Romanticism"
- Essence of religion is "passion"
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Johann Herder's contributions to Romanticism and German culture
- "On the Knowing and Feeling of the Human Soul"
- Revived German folk culture by urging the collection & preservation of distinctive German songs & sayings
- Most important followers were Grimm brothers
- Arab culture was one of numerous communities that composed the human race and manifested the human spirit
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Hegel, his views on the conflict of ideas and his contributions to the study of History
- Thesis & Antithesis conflict= Synthesis (new thesis) Repetitive pattern
- The Phenomenology of Mind
- Lectures on the Philosophy of History
- Islam represented an important stage of the development of the world spirit.
- However, he believed Islam had fulfilled its role and no longer had any significant part to play.
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