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ksnyde11
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Differentiating between articulation and phonological disorders is an importnat -____ beacsue ____
- Diagnostic task
- it will shape treatment decisions
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Clients with phonological disorders ar characterized by?
impaired phonemic systems and phoneme patters, and persistent phonological processes
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Children with phonological disorders demonstate difficulties using what?
phonemes contrastively to differentiate meaning (a gognitive-linguistic perceptual skill
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There are __________ to a phonological disorder that may be related to linguistic deficit in the the child's ability to deelop underlying forms.
linguistic underpinnings.
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What is the underlying form?
underlying representation of how we map/represent/conceptualize phonemes and language in our minds.
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Many times ___ or more phonemes represented by the same sound production indicates ______ has not been realized.
- 2 or more
- phonemic function
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Phonological processes may be ____ or ____.
- consistent (same error across situations/contexts)
- Inconsistent (error changes depending on situation/ context)
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Clients with an articulation disorder demonstrate difficulties with the ___________ aspects of speech that results in ______ when compared to regular pronunciation.
- motor production
- errors in speech
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An articulation disorder involves ____.
speech errors
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Articulation disorders are relatively ____. This means what?
- consistent
- the inadequate motor learning of the sound(s) in question is generalized throughout the system
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With articulation disorders, there is generally no ________ or ________ with sounds.
cognitive- linguistic or perceptual difficulty
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______ and ______ across phonetic context may have an improving effect on articulation.
- Emerging sounds
- increasing correct productions
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Treatment for articulation is usually described as the ___.
Traditional approach
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Brandon has substitutions that are mostly consistent and he often uses a modification of the sound, such as a dentalized s for /s/. other errors are very close to target. for example tsj for t demonstrates that the fricative portion of this production is just a bit too anterior. Th only consistent errors are /r/ and /l/ which could be ______. ARTIC OR PHONO
- Articulation disorder.
- developmental in nature
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Do Articulation and phonological impairments co occur and would it be a mistake to adopt an either/or dichotomy?
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As a child's ____ disorder is improved upon, his/her profile may change to that of an _____ disorder
- phonological
- articulation
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Intelligibility refers to...
judgment made by a clinician based on how much of an utterace can be understood.
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What are the three points relating to Intelligibility.
- 1-Usually this involves a percentage of words understood.
- 2-many factors influence intelligibilty
- 3-Intelligibility ratings are subjective, some have described levels of intelligivility that are and may be useful especially if combined with % intelligibility.
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The percentage of consonants correct (PCC) developed by shriberg and kwiatkowski (1982) gives the clinician what?
an objective measure which can be translated into severity dividions.
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The severity of a child's speech sound disorder can be determined by what?
PCC calculations
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Remember that all intervention goals and strategies will always ______. Expand this.
Depend on the client, on his or her personal circumstances and the specific difficulties noted.
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In treatment, you should always start with sounds that
are already in place
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What are the three guidlines for beginning therapy for an articulation disorder.
- 1. Target phonemes that the child is stimulable for first
- 2. Start with the developmentally earlier sounds first
- 3. Target more frequently occurring consonants first.
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What are the three guidelines for beginning therapy for a phonological disorder?
- 1. Work at the one word level using minimal pairs
- 2. Identify the most frequently occurring phonological process
- 3. Identify the phonological processes that are usually suppressed earlier.
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What are the three basic principles underlying most phonological tx approaches?
- 1. Groups of sounds with similar patterns of errors are targeted
- 2. phonological contrasts that were previously neutralized are established. (discrimination of the sounds is taught at auditory level
- 3. A naturalistic communicative context is emphasized.
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What is the phonetic form?
What is the phonemic form?
- Production of speech sounds (typical articulation therapy is at this level)
- Contrastive use of phonemes within phonological system (changes to signal meaning differences)
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What is an example of a minimal pair?
Cat and bat
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The phoneme is the basic unit differentiating between _____. It is ______
- word meanings
- at the core of TX
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Intervention for phonological errors begins at?
the Word level.
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What are minimal pairs?
two distinct words that differ only by one phonemic value
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What 3 things does tx focus on in relation to the phonological system of the individual child?
- 1. Phonological inventory
- 2. Syllable shapes and phonemic contrasts used
- 3. Error patterns displayed
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___ or ____ are targeted rather then _____ for phonological errors
groups of sounds or sound classes rather than individual sounds
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Phonological based treatment approaches target
phonemic function
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what is minimal pair contrast therapy?
Use of these pairs to establish contrasts not present in child's phonological system.
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Describe the 7 aspects of minimal opposition contrast therapy
-use what?
-regards to?
-not for what?
-most appropriate for?
-steps?
-nonsense words?
- 1. Minimal pairs: selection of sounds based on as many articulatory similarities as possible.
- 2. with regards to place, manner and voicing sounds only differ in 1 or 2 of these features
- 3. Used for those who substitute one phoneme for another (distortions and assimilations not addressed by this method.)
- 4. Most appropriate for those who are stimulable for the target sound
- 5. If minimal pair sounds have limited number of words with sounds in initial position, use near minimal pairs ( differ by more than one phoneme, but preceding vowel is constant)
- 6. After pairs are chosen, follow steps:
- i) discussion of words with the child to probe understanding
- ii)discrimination testing and training
- iii)production training: for the elicitation of minimal pair words
- iv.) carryover training: further procedures
- 7. you can use nonsense words for minimal pair contrast therapy. I've used nonsense words -"monster" or gross out words and had kids take home pictures to color in.
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Describe the steps used after pairs are chosen for the minimal opposition contrast therapy
- i) discussion of words with the child to probe understanding
- ii)discrimination testing and training
- iii)production training: for the elicitation of minimal pair words
- iv.) carryover training: further procedures
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Describe the maximal oppositions approach:
- 1. Similar to minimal pairs, but if possible, target sounds vary among all three features (place-manner-voicing)
- 2. Best used for those with moderate-severe phonological disorders (at least 6 sound errors)
- 3. Targets are two maximally different sounds, both not in the client's inventory (both have distinctive production feature differences and both are different in regards to major/nonmajor class features (vocalic, sonorant, consonantal))
- 5. Tx is implemented in 2 phases.
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Describe the 2 phases of treatment implemenation for the maximal oppositions approach.
Limitation phase: minimal pair pic cards present, client repeats clinician model, repeated until 75% imitative accuracy over 2-7 sessions.
Spontaneous phase: word pairs produced without the clinician model until 90% over 3-12 consecutive sessions achieved.
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Describe the evolution of Maximal oppositions- the complexity approach
- 1. Focuses on What is targeted, rather than how (target selection is KEY) You are targeting one pair of phonemes (e.g. /m/ and /d/)
- 2. Involves choosing targets with the maximum number of differences and often use of non words.
- 3. The theory is that the more complex the targets are, the more he child's phonological system is taxed, and the greater the phonological generalization (non-traditional approach)
- 4. Best employed for children with moderate to severe phonological disorders.
- 5. Another approach is "treatment of the empty set" or treatment of two phonemes that do not occur within the childs inventory.
- 6. the maximal oppositions approach is considered to have maximal benefit.
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What are the four points of the multiple oppositions approach?
- 1. Child is confronted with larger number of contrasts (you are targeting multiple sounds, /h/ is being substituted for several different sounds.
- 2. Best used for severe (moderate-profound) phonological disorders, often when the child substitutes one sound for multiple sounds.
- 3. targets are often chosen across classes to provide maximal generalization
- 4. many of the same therapy techniques as in minimal and maximal oppositions training.
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What is the cycles training?
Phonological processes treated fro certain periods of time in cycles for emergence of specific sounds/patterns, rather than mastery.
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The cycles training is best for ?
highly unintelligible children with profound-severe disorders not mild
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What are the primary targets of the cycle approach.
- 1: Cycle 1- *Early developing phonological patterns.
- * Posterior/Anterior Contrasts (fronting-backing)
- */s/ clusters
- *Liquids.
- 2: Most stimulable sounds/patterns should be chosen 1st so client can expereince immediate success.
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How is cycles training used?
- 1: each phoneme within a pattern should be targeted for 60 min. per cycle
- 2: At least 2 examples of the pattern should be presented in 2 consecutive 60 min time intervals before moving to the next phoneme or pattern.
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What are the 7 aspects of the structure of the session for cycles?
- 1: Review the previous session's word cards
- 2: Auditory bombardment (reading of about 12 words with target patterns to the client)
- 3: Target word cards: child looks at cards and repeats words modeled by clinician
- 4: production practice through Experimental play: both modeled and spontaneous
- 5: stimulability probes: stimulability for sounds for the next session is assessed
- 6: Auditory Bombardment :step 2 repeated
- 7. Home program: 2 minutes a day of parent/teacher reading list and child naming cards - we have to monitor that parents are doing this correctly.
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Phonological disorders often _____ with language disorder. Rate?
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What is the information about the correlational relationship found between phonology and syntax?
- 1. Tx of one often improves the other
- 2. Morphosyntax intervention approach: focuses on other areas that interact with phonology and are significant for language development.
- 3. cycles can be repeated or alternated with direct speech tx every other cycle.
- 4. Specific amount of time spent on each deficient are: phonology, morphosyntax, semantic or pragmatics.
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How is phonology connected to morphosyntax?
- 1: phonological issues could mean problems with producing morphemes.
- 2: Remediate using grammatical morphemes attached to words with target production contrasts
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How is phonology connected to semantics
Use contrastive word pairs to introduce new vocabulary.
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Often a child with slow expressive language disorder has _______
smaller repertoire of consonants and syllable shapes.
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Independent analysis examines child's production without comparison to adult model, determines?
- 1: inventory of speech sounds
- 2: syllable shapes used
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For a child with an emerging phonological system, Therapy needs to be___ meaning what?
Holistic: expanding vocab, consonant inventory, syllable shapes and use of two-word utterances.
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What are the 5 steps of combining phonology with semantics and developing a lexicon?
- 1: Consider consonant inventory- introduce words with those sounds
- 2: consider syllable shapes- select words with those structures
- 3: consider normal developmental sequence when trying to expand consonant inventory
- 4: new words should be similar to those used by typically developing children
- 5: After the above considerations, select words from a wide variety of grammatical classes.
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For children with an emerging phonological system you focus on ___ rather than on the correct production of sounds
expansion
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