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Nasal Passage
warm, filter, moisten air
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Pharynx
direct air to trachea
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Glottis
opening to trachea
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Trachea
protect airway (rings of cartilage)
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Bronchi (Bronchus)
split to lungs
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Bronchial Tubes
branches of bronchus
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Bronchioles
small branching
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Alveoli (Alveolus)
sacs for gas exchange, delivery to the blood
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Diaphragm
muscle to fill and empty lungs
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Pleural Membrane
membrane around lungs
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Cilia
hair-like projections, move mucus
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Tidal Volume
- normal in and out breathing
- .5 Liters
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Residual Volume
- air that cannot be exhaled
- 1.2 Liters
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Expiratory Reserve
- air that can be forced out
- 1.6 Liters
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Inspiratory Reserve
- air that can be forced in
- 1.6 Liters
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Vital Capacity
- tidal+expiratory+inspiratory
- 3.7 Liters
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Total Volume
- tidal+expiratory+inspiratory+residual
- 4.9 Liters
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Pulmonary Artery
delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs
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Pulmonary Vein
takes oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
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Alveoli
where gases diffuse to (or from) lungs spaces into (or out of) capillaries
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External Respiaration
gas exchange in lungs
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Internal Respiration
- exchange at cells
- allows mitochondria to make ATP energy
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Medulla
signals to increase or decrease breathing rate
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Lung Cancer
primary cause is smoking
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Pneumonia
bacteria cause fluid in lungs
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Emphysema
breaking up of alveoli, fewer areas for gas exchange "suffocating for years"
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Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
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Asthma
immune system causes inflammation of bronchi
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Tuberculosis
bacteria cause a breakdown of lung tissue, coughing blood
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Suffocation
insufficient O2 to cells
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Salivary Glands
- mucus: lubricates food
- amylase: begins to break down carbohydrates
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Tongue
- keeps food between teeth
- taste buds: 4 areas
- pushes food to esphagus
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Trachea
- windpipe
- epiglottis prevents "breathing" food
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Esophagus
- tube to stomach
- peristalsis starts
- rhythmic squeezing of food through tubes
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Liver
- bile is produced
- emulsifies fats
- center for metabolism
- detoxifies blood
- bile sent to small intestine
- store glycogen
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Gall Bladder
stores bile (bile emulsifies fat)
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Stomach
- churn, mix food
- sphincters control openings
- protein digestion
- the hormone gastrin: stimulates release of gastric juices
- gastric juices: HCl, pepsin, etc
- VOMIT!: reverse peristalsis
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Bile Duct
tube to small intestine from gall bladder
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Duodenum
most digestion, first 1/3 of the small intestine
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Pancreas
- produces insulin, regulates sugar uptake from blood
- if diabetic, insulin is not made
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Pancreas Duct
tube to small intestine
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Small Intestine
- 20-30 feet long
- villi: absorb nutrients
- final digestion occurs
- nutrients are: glucose, amino acids
- lacteals: absorb fats, glycerol
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Appendix
evolutionary leftover
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Large Intestine
- re-absorb H2O
- solid wastes stored
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Rectum
solid wastes are concentrated
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Anus
sphincters that control expulsion of waste
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Peristalsis
muscular movement of food
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Mechanical Digestion
moving disrupts (i.e. teeth, stomach)
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Chemical Digestion
chemicals chop (i.e. saliva, stomach acid)
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Fats
- used for: membranes, hormone production
- broken into: fatty acids and glycerol
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Carbohydrates
- used for: energy
- broken into: simple sugars
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Proteins
- used for: protein synthesis
- broken into: amino acids
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Bile
- soap like, makes fat soluble
- aids absorption of fate
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Amylase
- made: salivary glands
- acts: mouth, stomach
- purpose: turns polysaccharides into disaccharides
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Pepsin
- made: stomach
- acts: stomach, duodenum
- purpose: turns polypeptides into smaller polypeptides
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Rennin
- made: pancreas
- acts: stomach
- purpose: turns milk into cheese
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Lipase
- made: pancreas
- acts: duodenum
- purpose: turns fats into fatty acids and glycerol
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Ammonia (NH3)
- deadly poison
- highly toxic
- may be excreted by fish
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Urea (NH2CONH2)
less toxic form excreted by many land animals
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Gout
uric acid crystals that settle in joints from protein rich diets (liver)
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Cortex
outer layer of kidney
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Medulla
inner layer of kidneys
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Urine
water + excess salts + urea
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Liver
metabolic organ, generates nitrogenous waste
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Renal Artery
carries urea to the kidney
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Glomerulus
ball of capillaries dropping off material
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Bowman's Capsule
where material enters the nephron
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Loop of Henle
the entire collecting liip
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Collecting Tubule
where materials are pumped back into blood
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Ureter
caries waste to bladder
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Urinary Bladder
sack to hold urine
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Urethra
tube that releases urine from body
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Renal Vein
carries "clean" blood back to body
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Alcohol
diuretic: increases urine production
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Renal (Kidney) Failure
- need dialysis to filter blood
- dialysis is artificially cleaning the blood by running it through a machine
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Loss of Homeostatis
balance of salt and H2O
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Diabetes Insipidus
- extreme thirst due to passage of large quantities (55 gal/day) of dilute urine
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH): a hormone that cause us to reabsorb water into the kidney
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Diabetes Mellitus
sugar in urine due to lack of insulin
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Kidney Stones
deposits of crystallized urea and other salts, very painful
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Diffusion in the Alveoli
oxygen to blood, carbon dioxide out of blood
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Diffusion in the Glomerulus
water, salt, urea, nutrients into bowman's capsule
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Active Transport in the Loop of Henle
water, nutrients, and some salts pumped back into blood
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