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Biology Vocab: Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems

Home Get App Take Quiz Create Nostrils warm air Nasal Passage warm, filter, moisten air Pharynx direct air to trachea Epiglottis keep food out Glottis opening to trachea Larynx voicebox Trachea protect airway (rings of cartilage) Bronchi (Bronchus) split to lungs Bronchial Tubes branches of bronchus Bronchioles small branching Alveoli (Alveolus) sacs for gas exchange, delivery to the blood Capillaries gas exchange Diaphragm muscle to fill and empty lungs Esophagus food tube Pleural Membrane membrane around lungs Cilia hair-like projections, move mucus Tidal Volume normal in and out breathing .5 Liters Residual Volume air that cannot be exhaled 1.2 Liters Expiratory Reserve air that can be forced out 1.6 Liters Inspiratory Reserve air that can be forced in  1.6 Liters Vital Capacity tidal+expiratory+inspiratory 3.7 Liters Total Volume tidal+expiratory+inspiratory+residual 4.9 Liters Pulmonary Artery delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs Pulmonary Vein takes oxygenated blood from lungs to heart Alveoli where gases diffuse to (or from) lungs spaces into (or out of) capillaries External Respiaration gas exchange in lungs Internal Respiration exchange at cells allows mitochondria to make ATP energy Medulla signals to increase or decrease breathing rate Lung Cancer primary cause is smoking Pneumonia bacteria cause fluid in lungs Emphysema breaking up of alveoli, fewer areas for gas exchange "suffocating for years" Bronchitis inflammation of the bronchi Asthma immune system causes inflammation of bronchi Tuberculosis bacteria cause a breakdown of lung tissue, coughing blood Suffocation insufficient O2 to cells Salivary Glands mucus: lubricates food amylase: begins to break down carbohydrates Tongue keeps food between teeth taste buds: 4 areas pushes food to esphagus Trachea windpipe epiglottis prevents "breathing" food Esophagus tube to stomach peristalsis starts rhythmic squeezing of food through tubes Liver bile is produced emulsifies fats center for metabolism detoxifies blood bile sent to small intestine store glycogen Gall Bladder stores bile (bile emulsifies fat) Stomach churn, mix food sphincters control openings protein digestion the hormone gastrin: stimulates release of gastric juices gastric juices: HCl, pepsin, etc VOMIT!: reverse peristalsis Bile Duct tube to small intestine from gall bladder Duodenum most digestion, first 1/3 of the small intestine Pancreas produces insulin, regulates sugar uptake from blood if diabetic, insulin is not made Pancreas Duct tube to small intestine Small Intestine 20-30 feet long villi: absorb nutrients final digestion occurs nutrients are: glucose, amino acids lacteals: absorb fats, glycerol Appendix evolutionary leftover Large Intestine re-absorb H2O  solid wastes stored Rectum solid wastes are concentrated Anus sphincters that control expulsion of waste Ingestion intake Peristalsis muscular movement of food Absorption into blood Storage hold for a time Elimination release Mechanical Digestion moving disrupts (i.e. teeth, stomach) Chemical Digestion chemicals chop (i.e. saliva, stomach acid) Fats used for: membranes,  hormone production broken into: fatty acids and glycerol Carbohydrates used for: energy broken into: simple sugars Proteins used for: protein synthesis broken into: amino acids Acids HCl gastric juices Bile soap like, makes fat soluble aids absorption of fate Amylase made: salivary glands acts: mouth, stomach purpose: turns polysaccharides into disaccharides Pepsin made: stomach acts: stomach, duodenum purpose: turns polypeptides into smaller polypeptides Rennin made: pancreas acts: stomach purpose: turns milk into cheese Lipase made: pancreas acts: duodenum purpose: turns fats into fatty acids and glycerol Ammonia (NH3) deadly poison highly toxic may be excreted by fish Urea (NH2CONH2) less toxic form excreted by many land animals Gout uric acid crystals that settle in joints from protein rich diets (liver) Cortex outer layer of kidney Medulla inner layer of kidneys Urine water + excess salts + urea Liver metabolic organ, generates nitrogenous waste Renal Artery carries urea to the kidney Glomerulus ball of capillaries dropping off material Bowman's Capsule where material enters the nephron Loop of Henle the entire collecting liip Collecting Tubule where materials are pumped back into blood Ureter caries waste to bladder Urinary Bladder sack to hold urine Urethra tube that releases urine from body Renal Vein carries "clean" blood back to body Alcohol diuretic: increases urine production Caffeine diurectic Nephritis inflammation Renal (Kidney) Failure need dialysis to filter blood dialysis is artificially cleaning the blood by running it through a machine Loss of Homeostatis balance of salt and H2O Diabetes Insipidus extreme thirst due to passage of large quantities (55 gal/day) of dilute urine antidiuretic hormone (ADH): a hormone that cause us to reabsorb water into the kidney Diabetes Mellitus sugar in urine due to lack of insulin Kidney Stones deposits of crystallized urea and other salts, very painful Diffusion in the Alveoli oxygen to blood, carbon dioxide out of blood Diffusion in the Glomerulus water, salt, urea, nutrients into bowman's capsule Active Transport in the Loop of Henle water, nutrients, and some salts pumped back into blood

Author savvy ID 201561 Card Set Biology Vocab: Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems Description bio vocab Updated 3/10/2013, 4:07:13 PM Show Answers