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What are the 3 most abundant electrolytes in the body?
- 1. sodium
- 2. potsassium
- 3.chloride
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Key players in maintaining the body's what?
osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance
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What are key to formation and function of ION GRADIENTS?
Na+ and K+ ion active transport
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What helps maintain a STEADY HEARTBEAT?
potassium
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_____ and ___ deficiencies are RARE, and the effects of excess usually originate with other problems (ex: dehydration, fluid accumulation associated with CHF).
Sodium and Chloride
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What in EXCESS can cause edema and ascites?
Na
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What deficiency can occur in starvation, or with diuretic therapy?
K
**can lead to muscle cramps/weakness, cardiac arrest and respiratory failure
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K in excess is?
TOXIC.
**leads to numbness of the face, tongue, extremities, muscle weakness, cardiac arrthymia
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What are trace minerals?
typically only SMALL AMOUNTS needed
- -iron
- -zinc
- -iodine
- -selenium
- -copper
- -sulfur
- -manganese
- -chromium
- -molybdenum
- -cobalt
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Dietary iron is absorbed via?
interstitial mucoasal cells enhanced by acid and Vitamin C
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Absorption of iron is increased in situations involving BLOOD LOSS, such as menstruation, ulcers, other hemorrhaging or INCREASED___.
iron demand (pregnancy, growing children)
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2 key proteins involved in iron storage and movement in the blood between tissues are:
- 1. Ferritin= major protein involved in the storage of iron in the body
- 2. Iron is transported in the blood bound to the protein TRANSFERRIN.
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Where is Ferritin stored in the body?
reticuloendothelial cells (spleen and macrophages)
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Iron is stored in the heme of skeletal muscle of?
myoglobin, red blood cell HEMOGLOBIN, and CYTOCHROMES of certain redox enzymes involved in energy metabolism
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How is IRON UNIQUE IN METABOLISM?
- -120 day life cycle of RED BLOOD CELLS
- -IRON IS THEIR HB is RELEASED AND REUTLILIZED
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Iron defiency leads to?
anemia, low red blood count
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Signs of anemia?
- -shortness of breath
- -pale
- -headache
- -dizziness
- -fatigue
- -increased heart rate
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Oral complications of iron defiency?
- -angular cheiloisis
- -pallow or lips and oral mucosa
- -sore burning tongue
- -atrophy/denudation of filliform papillae
- -glossitis
- -increased risk of candidiasis
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Toxitiy of iron causes>?
- -organ damage
- -skin pigmentation
- -liver cirrhosis from excess iron deposits
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