Pharmacology #3

This IV form of calcium is associated with a metallic taste, mild local irritation, and is more irritating than other IV calciums.

When using IV calcium to treat severe hypocalcemia, what adverse events might you experience?

Calcium chloride should not be administered ___ or ___ (routes of administration) because of tissue necrosis and sloughing.

Calcium chloride can be slowly infused through IV, but leakage into the perivascular tissues can cause _____.

What are 2 factors that increase risk of adverse events in patients receiving IV calcium supplementation?

_____ (aka Tums) contains ____% Ca²⁺ is best absorbed with meals because it requires gastric acidity for absorption.

_____ is best absorbed in achlorhydric patients and contains ____% Ca²⁺.

Oral calcium supplementation blocks the absorption of iron, norfloxacin, and _____.

IV phosphate (PO4) supplementation can cause _____ & _____; oral phosphates can also cause these problems but less commonly.

What is the overall annual percentage of bone loss in the elderly?

In phase 1 of postmenopausal bone mineral density depletion, what is the result of estrogen deficiency?

What causes the slow, continuous loss of BMD in Phase II of postmenopausal BMD depletion?

In terms of bone stuff, estrogen has 2 major functions, they are _____ & _____, which is basically what bisphosphonates do.

Loss of estrogen at menopause increases what?

Is estradiol better at preventing or restoring bone loss?

The Women's Health Initiative asserts that estrogen and/or progestin promote 2 main adverse effects, which are.....

When should estrogen be used?  

Tell me something interesting about Denosumab (Prolia).

Evista is a SERM.  What the heck is a SERM?

Why is Evista better than hormone replacement therapy?

What are the 2 black box warnings on Evista?

Name 2 of the 3 other adverse events related to Evista.

What are the 3 estrogenic effects of Evista?

Evista blocks estrogen receptors in which two areas?

Vitamin-D is converted in the liver to what?

Calcifediol is converted in the kidney to what?

Calcitriol's net effect is increasing _____.

How is calcifediol different from calcitriol in terms of calcium movement?

What are 2 important AEs associated with sirolimus?

What enzyme metabolizes sirolimus and could therefore result in drug interactions?

Name a purine synthesis inhibitor.

Azathioprine inhibits proliferation of cells, particularly _____.

_____ _____ is often used in place of azathioprine in organ transplant because of fewer side effects, such as less bone marrow suppression, opportunistic infections, and lower incidence of acute rejection.

_____ is an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and de novo pathway of guanine nucleotide synthesis.  _____ are highly dependent on this pathway.

What population should not use mycophenolate and why?

What is a common AE associated with mycophenolate seen in >1% of all patients?

________ comes from  and contains cytotoxic antibodies that T-lymphocytes, thereby depleting circulating lymphocytes.

How do you treat a cytokine storm?

Daclizumab and basiliximab are _____.

Anti IL-2 receptor antibodies do not cause a cytokine storm, but can possibly result in _____.

IL-2 is specific to what type of immune cell?

Which medication is an inhibitor of CD3?

What is a particularly dangerous side effect seen with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies?

What is the main disadvantage of using calcineurin inhibitors?

What is the main disadvantage of glucocorticoid therapy?

Which type of cell releases histamine?

What types of foods contain histidine?

Histidine is _____ to form _____

Where is histamine stored?

What is exocytotic release?

Antigen-induced histamine release can be inhibited by agents that ______ such as Beta2 AR agonists or adrenaline.

What is non-exocytotic histamine release?

What does C3a do?

What does C5a do?

What causes post-surgical rash?

What effects are seen by activating H1?

What is the primary effect of H2 activation?

What is the "triple response" brought about by injection of histamine into the skin?

How is histamine action terminated?

What are the 2 ways you can inhibit histamine?

Why are second generation H1-antagonists less sedating?

What is the metabolite of hydroxyzine?

What is the mechanism of action for H1 antagonists in treating motion sickness/vertigo?

2nd generation H1 antagonists are shorter/longer acting than 1st generation.

T/F: Currently available antihistamines are AWESOME at relieving chronic nasal congestion.

2nd generation H1 antagonists are good at:
I. Symptomatic relief of chronic urticaria
II. Treating asthma
III. Scrabble
IV. I and II
V.  All of the above

Name a piperidine

Which 2nd generation antihistamine has minimal anti-cholinergic activity?

Which 2nd generation antihistamine has anti-inflammatory activity and is indicated for nasal congestion?

What adverse effect did fexofenadine show in animal trials?

When would you use immunostimulants?

What does CSF stand for?

What is interferon alpha used for?

What is interferon beta used for?

What is interferon gamma used for?

What is the interleukin IL-2 used for?

What adverse events would you expect from interferons?