This IV form of calcium is associated with a metallic taste, mild local irritation, and is more irritating than other IV calciums.
Calcium gluceptate
When using IV calcium to treat severe hypocalcemia, what adverse events might you experience?
Bradycardia
AV block
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
Calcium chloride should not be administered ___ or ___ (routes of administration) because of tissue necrosis and sloughing.
SC
IM
Calcium chloride can be slowly infused through IV, but leakage into the perivascular tissues can cause _____.
necrosis
What are 2 factors that increase risk of adverse events in patients receiving IV calcium supplementation?
Rapidinfusion
Patient is already receiving digitalis (raises calcium levels)
_____ (aka Tums) contains ____% Ca2+ is best absorbed with meals because it requires gastric acidity for absorption.
Calcium carbonate
40%
_____ is best absorbed in achlorhydric patients and contains ____% Ca2+.
Calcium citrate
21%
Oral calcium supplementation blocks the absorption of iron, norfloxacin, and _____.
Oral etidronates
IV phosphate (PO4) supplementation can cause _____ & _____; oral phosphates can also cause these problems but less commonly.
ectopic calcification
kidney failure
What is the overall annual percentage of bone loss in the elderly?
1%
In phase 1 of postmenopausal bone mineral density depletion, what is the result of estrogen deficiency?
An increase in the number & activation of bone resorption sites.
What causes the slow, continuous loss of BMD in Phase II of postmenopausal BMD depletion?
A permanent imbalance between rates of bone formation and resorption.
In terms of bone stuff, estrogen has 2 major functions, they are _____ & _____, which is basically what bisphosphonates do.
Block osteoclast proliferation
Slow bone resorption
Loss of estrogen at menopause increases what?
Rate of bone resorption
Is estradiol better at preventing or restoring bone loss?
Preventing
The Women's Health Initiative asserts that estrogen and/or progestin promote 2 main adverse effects, which are.....
Cardiovascular consequences
Breast cancer
When should estrogen be used?
To treat short-term vasomotor symptoms or to treat osteoporosis and the patient is not able to take other drugs.
Tell me something interesting about Denosumab (Prolia).
Human monoclonal antibody
Binds to RANKL
Reduces fractures by 20-60%
Used to treat osteoporosis
Used in men, women, patients with tumors, nonmetastatic prostate cancer, women receiving aromatase inhibitor therapy for breast cancer
Administer SQ every 6 months
Evista is a SERM. What the heck is a SERM?
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Why is Evista better than hormone replacement therapy?
Reduces risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular events instead of increasing them
What are the 2 black box warnings on Evista?
Name 2 of the 3 other adverse events related to Evista.
BBW: May increase risk of DVT
BBW: May increase risk of stroke
Leg cramps
MAJOR DRAWBACK: MAY WORSEN VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS
What are the 3 estrogenic effects of Evista?
Stabilizes bone
Decreases LDL cholesterol
Increases thromboembolism risk (up to 3x)
Evista blocks estrogen receptors in which two areas?
Endometrium
Breast
Vitamin-D is converted in the liver to what?
Calcifediol
Calcifediol is converted in the kidney to what?
Calcitriol
Calcitriol's net effect is increasing _____.
Concentrations of phosphate and calcium in the body.
How is calcifediol different from calcitriol in terms of calcium movement?
Calcitriol increases absorption of caclium from the gut, while calcifediol does not
What are 2 important AEs associated with sirolimus?
Thrombocytopenia
Hyperlipidemia
What enzyme metabolizes sirolimus and could therefore result in drug interactions?
CYP3A4
Name a purine synthesis inhibitor.
Azathioprine
Azathioprine inhibits proliferation of cells, particularly _____.
Leukocytes
_____ _____ is often used in place of azathioprine in organ transplant because of fewer side effects, such as less bone marrow suppression, opportunistic infections, and lower incidence of acute rejection.
Mycophenolate mofetil
_____ is an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and de novo pathway of guanine nucleotide synthesis. _____ are highly dependent on this pathway.
Mycophenolate
B & T cells
What population should not use mycophenolate and why?
Pregnant women
High risk of miscarriage and birth defects
What is a common AE associated with mycophenolate seen in >1% of all patients?
High blood sugars
________ comes from and contains cytotoxic antibodies that T-lymphocytes, thereby depleting circulating lymphocytes.
Antithymocyte Globulin
How do you treat a cytokine storm?
Glucocorticoids
Daclizumab and basiliximab are _____.
Anti IL-2 Receptor Antibodies
Anti IL-2 receptor antibodies do not cause a cytokine storm, but can possibly result in _____.
Anaphylaxis
IL-2 is specific to what type of immune cell?
T-cells
Which medication is an inhibitor of CD3?
OKT3 (Muromonab-CD3) (comes from )
What is a particularly dangerous side effect seen with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies?
Cytokine storm
What is the main disadvantage of using calcineurin inhibitors?
Nephrotoxicity
What is the main disadvantage of glucocorticoid therapy?
Changes in metabolism
Which type of cell releases histamine?
Mast cell
What types of foods contain histidine?
Chicken
Eggs
Soy
Cheese
Histidine is _____ to form _____
Decarboxylated
histamine
Where is histamine stored?
Neurons
Gastric mucosa
Mast cells & basophils
What is exocytotic release?
Inflammatory or allergenic reactions
Antigen-IgE complex
Complement
Antigen-induced histamine release can be inhibited by agents that ______ such as Beta2 AR agonists or adrenaline.
Increase mast cell cAMP
What is non-exocytotic histamine release?
Mechanical or chemical release
Displacement due to basic amine drugs such as morphine or tubocurarine
What does C3a do?
Inflammation
Anaphylaxis
(CLASSICAL PATHWAY)
What does C5a do?
Inflammation
Anaphlyaxis
Chemotaxis
(ALTERNATE PATHWAY)
What causes post-surgical rash?
Drugs. Morphine.
What effects are seen by activating H1?
Vasodilation (NO release)
Vessel leakage (enterochromaffin)
Bronchoconstriction
Pain & itching
What is the primary effect of H2 activation?
Gastric acid secretion
What is the "triple response" brought about by injection of histamine into the skin?
Why are second generation H1-antagonists less sedating?
Less lipid soluble - don't cross the blood brain barrier
What is the metabolite of hydroxyzine?
Cetirizine
What is the mechanism of action for H1 antagonists in treating motion sickness/vertigo?
Unknown? Most likely something to do with anti-muscarinic activity.
2nd generation H1 antagonists are shorter/longer acting than 1st generation.
Longer
T/F: Currently available antihistamines are AWESOME at relieving chronic nasal congestion.
False
2nd generation H1 antagonists are good at:
I. Symptomatic relief of chronic urticaria
II. Treating asthma
III. Scrabble
IV. I and II
V. All of the above
I. Symptomatic relief of chronic urticaria
Name a piperidine
Fexofenadine
Loratadine
Desloratadine
Which 2nd generation antihistamine has minimal anti-cholinergic activity?
Cetirizine
Which 2nd generation antihistamine has anti-inflammatory activity and is indicated for nasal congestion?
Desloratadine
What adverse effect did fexofenadine show in animal trials?
Teratogenicity
When would you use immunostimulants?
To treat infection
To treat immunodeficiency
To treat cancer
What does CSF stand for?
Colony Stimulating Factor
What is interferon alpha used for?
Anticancer and hepatitis
What is interferon beta used for?
Relapsing type multiple sclerosis
What is interferon gamma used for?
Chronic granulomatous disease
What is the interleukin IL-2 used for?
Enhance antitumor actions of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
What adverse events would you expect from interferons?