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Developmental psychology
- The study of how behavior changes over time.
- A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes through life span.
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Conception
The first 2 weeks of pregnancy
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Zygote
- The fertilized egg
- Union of 2 gametes sperm and egg.
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Germanal
It enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
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Embryo
- Developing human organism from 2-8 weeks after fertilization.
- The ground work for all body structures and major organs develop.
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Fetus
- Developing organism from the 9th week after conception till birth.
- Brain growth.
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Age of Viability
- 22 weeks after conception.
- Age at which a fetus can survive outside the mother if specialized medical care is available.
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Teratogens
Refers to any environmental agent ( viruses, drugs, chemicals, malnutrition) that cause damage during the prenatal period
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Maturation
- The biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior.
- Set the basic course of development but experience adjusts it.
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Motor skills
Refers to the movement of muscles: the abilities needed to move and control the body.
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Reflexes are...
- 1. Involuntary physical responses to stimuli.
- 2. Inborn, unlearned, automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation.
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Schemas
The way of thinking about and interacting with the environment.
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Piagets 4 stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operation.
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Object permanance
- When children realize out of sight still exists.
- Peak-a-boo.
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Temperament
The inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in certain ways.
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Attachment
The strong emotional connection one shares with one's caregivers (mom)
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Types of Temperament
- 1. Easy- positive disposition, adapt to new experiences.
- 2. Difficult- Negative mood, cry frequently, and slow to adapt to new situations.
- 3. Slow to warm up- low activity level, somewhat negative, low adaptablity.
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Stranger anxiety
Fear, caution, and wariness an infant displays when encountering unfamiliar people.
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Separation anxiety
The fear infants display when a familiar caregiver leaves.
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Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life.
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Harlow
- Body contact= connection
- Monkeys
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Contact comfort
- Positive emotions afforded by touch.
- Living beings have a need for contact
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When children lack attachment..
- 1. Withdrawn
- 2. Frightened
- 3. Unable to develop speech.
- Associate with Mary Ainsworth- she applied this to babies.
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Assimilation
Absorb new info into current knowledge.
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Accommodation
Altering a belief to make it compatible with a new experience.
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Vygotsky
- Russian psychologist.
- Social and cultural influences on learning.
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Scaffolding
Parents provide initial guidance in childs learning then gradually remove structure.
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Puberty
- Stage in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physilogically capable of sexual reproduction.
- Hall- "adolescent and puberty"
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Primary sexual characteristics
Reproductive organs and genitals
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Secondary sexual characteristics
Nonreproductive traits.
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Limbic System
is developed- emotional response work..
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Pre-frontal cortex
- Not even close to develop
- decision making is not fully functioning
- Causes implusivity.
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Cognitive Development
- Formal operations.
- Piaget.
- Identity, sex, and gender
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Identity
A person's definition or description of himself, including the values, beliefs, and ideals that guide individual behavior.
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Gender
- How you associate with that.
- How you interpret yourself.
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Piaget is to ______ development as Kohlberg is to ________ development
cognitive; moral
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Menopause
The termination of menstration, marketing the end of a woman's reproductive potential
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Fluid intelligence
Ability to reason speedily
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Crystalline intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
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What are 2 defining themes in adult life?
Love and work
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Midlife crisis
Phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about again and attempt to become youthful.
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Empty-nest syndrome
Period of depression in mothers (parents) following the departure of children from home.
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Sensation
The detection of physical energy by sense organs; then sends information to the brain
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Perception
The brain's selection, organization, and interpretation of raw sensory inputs.
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Sensory vs. Perception
- S- The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
- P- The process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
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Bottom-up Processing
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind.
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Top-down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawng on our experience and expectations.
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Absolute Threshold
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
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Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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3 steps of stimulation
- 1. Reception- the stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy. (sound, light, color, etc.)
- 2. Transduction- transforming this cell stimulation into neural impules.
- 3. Transmission- delivering this neural infor to brain to be process.
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Transduction
Conversion of external energies or substances into a neural impulse that one's brain can nterpret.
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Parallel Processing
Processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously.
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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory
there are 3 types of colors- red, green, and blue.
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Sound Characteristics
- 1. frequency- pitch
- 2. intensity- loudness
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4 components of touch
Pressure, warmth, cold, pain
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Gate- control theory
The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.
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Endorphins
These hormones can be released by the body to reduce pain perception.
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Pain Control
Thought distraction
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When do taste receptors reproduce?
Every 2 weeks
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Sensory Interaction
One sense affects another sense
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Gestalt
- meaningful patterns
- Forms a "whole"
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Depth perception
Enables us to judge distances
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Linear Perspective
- Parallel lines, such as these rows of flowers, appear to converge in the distance.
- The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
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Percetual Constancy
- Our ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting conditions, at different distances and angles
- Top down process.
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Moon Illusion
The moon appears larger when it is near the horizon than when it's high in the sky.
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The Ames Room
Trapezoidal room with slanted floor and ceiling, makes occupants appear to vary in height.
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Selective Attention
Process of focusing on one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others.
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Perceptual Sets
- Relationship between a stimulus and its context
- A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
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Kinesthesis
Refers to sensin gthe movement and position of individual body parts relatice to each other.
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Context Effects
- Context CAN radically alter perception
- It is instilled by culture
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Egocentrism
- A inability to see the world from other's perspective.
- The world is all about them.
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Conservation
Despite a transformation in the phsycial presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same.
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