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HLW
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is acute or chronic anemia worse for the pt? which will more likely need a blood transfusion?
- acute worse bc body hasn't adapted
- acute more likely to warrant blood transfusion
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you find that a cow has PCV 10% but is walking and eating. Blood transfusion needed?
blood transfusion not needed unless doesn't respond to treatment of underlying condition or decompensating for some reason
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How does moldy sweet clover cause bleeding disorder? will PT or PTT be prolonged first? what will platelet count be like/
- dicoumarol is vit K antagonist (affects clotting factors 2 7, 9, 10)
- PT (extrinsic pathway) is prolonged first
- plt should be normal
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Of the three forms of anemia, which form is caused by Cu or Fe deficiency?
depression
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what are 3 examples of things that cause Heinz body, hemolytic anemia?
- phenothiazine
- wild onion
- Red Maple leaf
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What form of anaplasma affects cattle? Are young or mature cattle affected?
- anaplasma marginale
- mature cattle
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How is Anaplasma transmitted?
- ixodidae ticks (Dermacentor in US/ Boophilus in tropics)
- stable flies also (not horn flies)
- iatrogenic via reusing needles, etc.
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Where does anaplasma infect the body? does this lead to intra or extravascular hemolysis?
in RBCs so trapped in spleen/liver --> *extravascular* hemolysis
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How do you treat anaplasma? will this tx cure?
oxytetracycline, likely remain carrier/reservoir for infection
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what is incubation period for anaplama? when do clinical signs start to show?
- 15-30 days
- at day 21 RBCs destroyed too fast to be replaced - CS begin when 50% RBCs destroyed
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what test is done for anaplasma detection? better for acute or chronic infection?
ELISA (not accurate for acute-ck blood smear for acute)
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Is there a vaccine for anaplasma?
- yes but not approved for use in USA
- exposing calves young allows for immunity as adult
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what is a tick borne erythrocytic protozoal disease commonly found in tropics/subtropics? what is the most virulent form in cattle?
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Does babesia cause intra- or extra-vascular hemolysis? what CNS signs are associated?
- intravascular hemolysis (escaping merozoites)
- brain anoxia (from anemia and RBCs stuck in brain capillaries)
- convulsions, hyperexcitability, opisthotonis, coma/death
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Is babesia seen in young or adults? can they be reinfected or life immunity?
- adults (calves immune up to 9 mos)
- can develop long term immunity (can get sick again w/stress)
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what diagnostic test is used for acute and chronic/carrier states?
- acute: Giemsa stain on blood smear
- carrier: ELISA, complement fixation, IFAT
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Prognosis for babesia is poor if you find what? what is treatment option?
- hemoglobinuria = poor prognosis
- Tx: imidocarb or diminazine aceturate
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is there a vaccine for babesia?
- yes, given to young
- if given to old then also tx w/imidocarb
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mycoplasma haemolamea affects what species? where does it live in the body?
- camelid disease
- epicellular/outer edge of RBCs
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What is severity of disease with mycoplasma?
often asymptomatic, resides dormant in spleen til stressed --> anemia/death
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what is diagnostic test of choice for mycoplasma?
- PCR
- (can also try blood smear but difficult to identify)
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what is treatment for mycoplasma? will it clear infection?
- tetracycline
- often still remain carrier
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bacillary hemoglobinuria is an acute hemolytic disorder caused by what? Is hemolysis intra- or extra-vascular?
- clostridium haemolyticum (begins after liver fluke migration)
- intravascular ("red water")
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Camelids who ingest red maple leaf can form what that is concerning to the clinician?
- *methemoglobinemia*
- (will also get reduced glutathione, and elevated liver enzymes)
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what in the red maple leaf is responsible for the oxidative damage/heinz body formation? How do you treat this toxicity?
- gallic acid is strong oxidant
- no antidote for red maple leaf toxicity; remove source/supportive
- Vit C. and antioxidant; fluids to diurese kidneys of methemoglobin
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what is osmolality and sodium level in patient with water intoxication? What about SG?
- hypOosmolar
- hypOnatremia
- hyposthenuria
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does water intoxication lead to intra- or extra-vascular hemolysis?
intravascular (neuro signs may develop also)
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will water toxicity patients benefit from hypertonic saline?
yes (and mannitol to help reduce neuro signs)
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does post-parturiant hemoglobinuria lead to intra- and extra-vascular hemolysis? what is phosphorus level like?
- intravascular hemolysis
- low phosphorous
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what 2 other minerals affect copper levels? what is copper important for in the body?
- molybdenum and sulfur (S reduces Mo absorption --> Cu tox)
- collagen and proper immune function
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is copper toxicity usually chronic or acute? how does this change with species?
- sheep: accumulate copper in liver then acute signs
- cows: drink copper foot bath and have acute signs (esophageal erosions)
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which sheep are more resistant to Cu toxicity?
merino sheep
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what is Cu: Mo ratio in adults
6:1 (>10:1 dangerous)
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In the sheep chronically accumulating Cu, when do Cu serum levels increase?
- serum level normal during accumulation period
- serum Cu incr. immediately before hemolysis (and liver enzymes incr)
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why is renal failure related to Cu toxicity? what do kidneys look like on PM?
- hemoglobin toxic to kidneys/ pigment nephropathy
- "gun metal" gray/black kidneys
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Samples of what is most important in diagnosis of Cu tox? Put these samples in what kind of tube?
- liver and kidney
- royal blue top (NOT red) or sterile milk culture tube ok
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Will liver biopsy render normal results before, during, or after hemolytic crisis from Cu toxicity?
normal liver biopsy during hemolytic crisis (but serum levels high during this time)
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when does hemolysis occur in relation to acute Cu toxicity crisis?
- hematologic changes up to 24 hours before crisis (can be normal again 4 days after crisis)
- hepatic enzymes elevate also
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which liver enzyme will remain elevated long after hemolytic crisis from Cu toxicity?
GGT for up to 700 days
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what is treatment for hemolytic crisis associated with Cu toxicity? Then what after crisis is over?
- quiet environment + O2 + transfusion if PCV <8% + Vit C/E (antioxidants)
- after crisis: continue tx for weeks/months w/chelation therapy - Ammonium molybdate or Na thiosulfate
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Depression anemias are usually normocytic/normochromic, except in what circumstances?
- Cu or Fe deficiency (microcytic/hypochromic)
- (these are chronic/prolonged/severe before specific signs appear)
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what is the most useful diagnostic tool when evaluating depression anemias?
bone marrow evaluation
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what are some common causes of iron deficiency anemia?
- piglets born this way
- fail to consume colostrum (Fe rich)
- veal on milk only diet
- GI bleeding/ulcer
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What does "Swayback" or "Enzootic Ataxia" refer to?
sheep with depression anemia that results in demyelinating syndrome
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what are some common clinical signs seen in calves with Cu deficiency anemia?
- osteoporosis
- rough/depigmented hair coat
- lack of wt gain
- diarrhea
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What is the reportable/zoonotic gram positive rod, forms spores, and can cause sudden death in up to 90% affected?
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax; aka: woolsorter's disease; splenic fever)
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What are the virulence factors for anthrax?
- capsule
- protective antigen
- edema antigen
- lethal factor
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what factors enhance spore formation for anthrax?
- high Ca and Mg in soil
- elevated pH of soil
- (also affected disease: heavy rain after drought/blood transfer from insects)
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is there a vaccine for anthrax?
yes for endemic areas but state vet will need to be involved
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what is causative agent for caseous lymphadenitis? what species is it a year round problem for?
- corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
- sheep/goats (only seasonal in cattle)
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what exotoxin can we test for if we suspect an enlarged lymph node is due to CLA?
phospholipase D
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What are the two forms of CLA? How is CLA transmitted?
- external and internal
- draining exudates are contagious
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with external form, which lymph nodes are most commonly affected?
- prescapular
- parotid
- mandibular
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why is bloat a concern with internal form of CLA?
lymph nodes in mediastinum can get large enough to compress esophagus
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Which form of CLA is known as "wasting disease" or "thin ewe syndrome"?
internal form
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what does CBC reveal with CLA?
leukocytosis with mature neutrophilia (should not see left shift)
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What is the purpose of the Synergistic hemolysis inhibition test? what are problems with the test?
- to detect IgG response to phospholipase D (can monitor prevalence in sheep/goats and detect subclinical cases)
- depends on severity/chronicity of disease; false + if previously exposed/vaccinated
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what is common treatment for CLA?
- cull to prevent spread
- (susceptible to most Abs but would have to treat too long/difficult to cure)
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