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Different types of prokaryotic cells
 - Cocci
- bacilli
- spiral
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How do most prokaryotic cells reproduce?
binary fission
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Name four other types of prokaryotic reproduction
- Snaping
- fragmentation
- bod
- viviparity
- spores
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Can prokaryotes carry out sexual reproduction?
asexual only
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6 Arrangements of cocci
5 arrangements of bacilli
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Describe endospores and know the differences in function between spores and endospores
- Clostridium and bacillus, they form during hostile conditionsspores- reproductive structures produced by actinomycetes, algae and fungi
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Identify common features of microbes in the Domain Archea
- Lacks peptidoglycan in cell walls
- cell membrane have branched hydrocarbon chains
- initial amino acids in proteins is methionine
- reproduce by binary fission, budding, fragmentation
- most live in moderate environments some are noted for their extreme environments
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Compare and contrast two kinds of extremophiles: thermophiles and halophiles
- Thermophiles- temperature heat
- halophiles- salt
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Describe the characteristics and environmental roles of methanogens
Obligate anaerobes can convert organic wastes in pond lake and ocean sediments into methane: live in colon of animals
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deeply branching bacteria- Deinococcus
- Autotrophic (use CO2 as
- carbon source)
- Live in hot, acidic, anaerobic environments (like early Earth)
- Can live in intense UV radiation from sun
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phototrophic bacteria:
cyanobacteria
- Oxygenic
- photosynthesis – thought to have transformed the Earth’s anaerobic atmosphere to an oxygen-containing one
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Phototrophic bacteria:
Green and purple phototrophic bacteria
- Have bacteriochlorophylls instead of chlorophyll
- Anoxygenic –don’t make oxygen
- Live in anaerobic sediments rich in H2S
- Deposit sulfur, either inside of their cells or outside
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria:
Clostridium tetani, C. perfringes, C. botulunum, C. difficle
- clostridia: •Rod-shaped,
- obligate anaerobes, most of which form endospores •Clostridium
- – important in medicine and industry
- Produce potent toxins
- Endospores enable them to survive disinfection and antisepsis
- Examples are C. tetani (tetanus), C. perfringens (gangrene), C. botulinum (botulism), and C. difficile (severe diarrhea)
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria:
Mycoplasmas
- •Lack cell walls
- •Survive without cell walls because
- they live in osmotically protected environments, have tough cytoplasmic
- membranes, and many contain sterols in the membrane – gives strength and
- rigidity
- •Tiniest of prokaryotes – 0.2-0.8 μm
- •Cause walking pneumonia and
- urinary tract infections
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria:
Bacillus thuringiensis, B. polymyxin, B. anthracis, B. cereus
- Gram-positive bacilli and cocci
- •Bacillus
- Endospore-forming aerobes and facultative anaerobes
- B. thuringiensis has Bt toxin –used to kill caterpillars on crops like corn
- B. polymyxa synthesizes the antibiotic
- polymyxin
- B. anthracis causes anthrax
- B. cereus causes food poisoning from rice
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria:
Listeria monocytogenes
•Listeria monocytogenes (bad guy) contaminates unpasteurized milk and meat products
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria
Lactobacillus
- •Lactobacillus organisms protect the body by inhibiting growth of pathogens (good guy)
- Also, used in industry to make yogurt, cheese, pickles, sauerkraut
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria:
streptococcus
Produce human diseases (strepthroat, scarlet fever, meningitis, pneumonia, flesh-eating disease
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria:
Enterococcus
Produce human diseases (strepthroat, scarlet fever, meningitis, pneumonia, flesh-eating disease
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low G+C Gram-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus
- Staphylococcus aureus
- •Common inhabitant of humans
- •Can cause bacteremia,
- pneumonia, wound infections, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome
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High G+C Gram positive bacteria:
Corynebacterium
- •Reproduces by snapping fission
- C. diphtheriae causes diphthe
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High G+C Gram positive bacteria:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae
- •Produce mycolic acids in cell walls
- –waxy, which protects from drying
- M. tuberculosis and M. leprae (leprosy)
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High G+C Gram positive bacteria:
Actinomycetes
- •Form branching filaments like fungi
- •Some produce reproductive spores at
- ends of filaments
- •Normal inhabitant of oral cavity of humans
- Opportunistic pathogen
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High G+C Gram positive bacteria:
Nocardia
- •Degrades many pollutants – waxes, petroleum, detergents, benzene, polychlorinated
- biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, rubber
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High G+C Gram positive bacteria:
Streptomyces
- •Degrades lignin in wood, chitin (skeletons of insects), latex, aromatic chemicals,
- keratin (hair and nails)
- •Gives
- soil its characteristic smell
- •Producer of most of the important
- antibiotics
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Gram negative proteobacteria:
Alphaproteobacteria
Nitrogen fixers
Rickettsia
Brucellia
- Aerobes that can grow at very low nutrient content
- Some have cell extensions called prothecae
- Used for attachment and to increase
- surface area for nutrient absorption
- Nitrogen fixers•Important in agriculture Grow in association with roots
- Take N2 out of the air and make ammonia
- •Rickettsia
is a small rod that lives inside mammalian cells - •Causes typhus and Rocky Mountain
- spotted fever from ticks
- •Brucellia is a coccobacillus that causes brucellosis – causes spontaneous abortions andsterility in animals, like cows, and humans
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Gram negative proteobacteria:
Betaproteobacteria
- •Neisseria
- – G- diplococcus that causes gonorrhea, meningitis, pelvic inflammatory disease
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Gram negative proteobacteria:
Gammaproteobacteria-
Legionella
Glycolytic facultative anaerobes
Pseudomonads
- •Legionella thrive inside phagocytes
- Glycolytic facultative anaerobes •Largest group
- Includes
- E. coli and the Enterobacteriaceae(G-
- rods that primarily live in the colon)
- Pseudomonads- Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes urinary tract infections ,swimmers’ ear, often in endotracheal
- tubes in patients (green sputum)
- Extremely resistant organism
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Gram negative proteobacteria:
Deltaproteobacteria-
Desulfovibrio
Bdellovibrio
Myxobacteria
- Desulfovibrio – important in the sulfur cycle
- •Makes H2S gas and corrodes iron pipes in heating systems, sewer lines, etc.
- Bdellovibrio •Attacks G- bacteria
- Swims rapidly through medium and attaches to a G- bacterium
- Drills through the cell wall with enzyme and by rotating at 100 RPM
- Lives inside periplasmic space
- Myxobacteria •Differentiate reproductive
- structures
- Makes fruiting bodies that release myxospores
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Gram negative proteobacteria:
Epsilonproteobacteria-
Campylobacter
Helicobacter pylori
- Campylobacter - food poisoning
- •Inflammation of intestinal tract
- and blood poisoning
- •Meat is major source
- Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers and some stomach cancer
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Gram negative proteobacteria:
Other Gram- negative bacteria-
Chlamydia
Spirochetes
Bacteriodes
- Chlamydia
- •Only reproduce inside of cells
- •Causesblindness, pneumonia, and a sexually transmitted disease – lymphogranulomavenereum
- Most common sexually transmitted
- bacterial disease in the US
- Spirochetes
- •Treponema pallidum – syphilis
- •Borrelia
- -Lyme disease
- Bacteroids
- •Obligate anaerobes
- •Most common anaerobic pathogen
- •Bacteroides inhabits digestive tract of humans and animals 30% of bacteria in feces are Bacteroides
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