Pathophys Exam 2

THE DIFF FORMS OF THE GENES AT A PARTICULAR LOCUS

WHEN THE HETERO ZYGOTE IS DISTINGUISHABLE FROM BOTH HOMO ZYGOTE

MARRIAGE BETWEEN RELATED INDIVIDUALS

MODIFICATIONS THAT ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF GENES

THE SEQUENCES THAT ARE LEFT TO CODE FOR PROTEINS

THE EXTENT OF VARIATION IN PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR GENOTYPE

EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, CHARACTERIZED BY METHYLATION

WHEN THE GENES ARE NOT IDENTICAL

OF THE 22 MEMBERS OF THE 23 PAIRS, TWO MEMBERS OF EACH PAIR ARE IDENTICAL

THE EXCISED SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN

A POSITION ALONG THE CHROMOSOME EACH GENE OCCUPIES

THE PATTERN IN WHICH GENETIC DISEASES ARE INHERITED THROUGH THE GENERATIONS OF A FAMILY

THE PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS WITH A SPECIFIC GENOTYPE WHO ALSO EXHIBITS THE EXPECTED PHENOTYPE

THE OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL, RESULT OF GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT

THE ONE INDIVIDUAL IN THE FAMILY WHICH BEGINS THE PEDIGREE

A SEQUENCE OF DNA THAT SPECIFIES THE BEGINNING OF A GENE

THE PROCESS OF FORMING SUCH NEW ARRANGEMENTS OF ALLELES

ONE THAT OCCURS MUCH MORE OFTEN IN ONE SEX THAN IN THE OTHER

ONE THAT CAN OCCUR IN ONLY ONE OF THE SEXES

BASE PAIR SUBSTITUTION WHERE AMINO ACID DOES NOT CHANGE

• ALL CELLS OTHER THAN GAMETES.
• EACH CELL HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES IN NUCLEUS

THE PROCESS BY WHICH RNA IS SYNTHESIZED BY DNA TEMPLATE=FORMS mRNA

THE PROCESS BY WHICH RNA DIRECTS THE SYNTHESIS OF A POLYPEPTIDE. mRNA INTERACTS WITH tRNA TO SPECIFY THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS

THE INTERCHANGING OF GENETIC MATERIAL BETWEEN NONHOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF ITS PROTEIN PRODUCT IS TO REGULATE THE CELL CYCLE SO THAT CELLS DO NOT GROW UNCONTROLLABLY

• FOUND ON MANY CELLS OF THE INNATE AND ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSES
• THEY RECOGNIZE SEVERAL FRAGMENTS PRODUCED THROUGH ACTIVATION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

A DEFORMITY FROM EXCESSIVE WOUND CONTRACTION

FEVER CAUSING CYTOKINE (MADE WITHIN BODY..NOT PATHOGEN PRODUCED)

• SEALING
• PROCESS BY WHICH EPITHELIAL CELLS GROW INTO THE WOUND FROM SURROUNDING HEALTHY TISSUE

BODIES ATTEMPT TO WALL OFF AND ISOLATE THE INFECTED AREA

A VASOACTIVE AMINE THAT CAUSES TEMPORARY RAPID CONSTRUCTION OF THE LARGE VESSEL WALLS AND DILATION OF THE POSTCAPILLARY VENULES, BOTH OF WHICH RESULT IN INCREASED BLOOD FLOW INTO THE MICROCIRCULATION

• NATIVE OR NATURAL IMMUNITY
• RAPID, NONSPECIFIC AND SHORTLIVED

• THE THIRD PLASMA PROTEIN SYSTEM WHICH AUGMENTS INFLAMMATION IN SEVERAL WAYS
• PRIMARY KININ PRODUCED IS BRADYKININ (DILATES BLOOD VESSELS)

INNATE, OR NATURAL IMMUNITY

• RECOGNITION AND ELIMINATION OF CELLS INFECTED WITH VIRUSES AND CANCER CELLS, AND OTHER ABNORMAL HOSTS
• MORE EFFECTIVE WHEN ENCOUNTERS IN CIRCULATORY VS WITHIN TISSUE

MOLECULES THAT TAG MICRO ORGANISMS FOR DESTRUCTION BY CELLS OF THE INFLAMMATORY SYSTEM (MOSTLY NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES)

MOLECULAR "PATTERNS" ON INFECTIOUS AGENTS OR THEIR PRODUCTS

RECOGNIZE MOLECULAR "PATTERNS" ON INFECTIOUS AGENTS OR THEIR PRODUCTS (PAMP) OR PRODUCTS OF CELLULAR DAMAGE OF NECROSIS OR APOPTOSIS

• NEUTROPHILS
• MEMBERS OF THE GRANULOCYTIC SERIES, NAMED FOR ITS CHARACTERITIC STAINING PATTERN OF ITS GRANULES AND MULTILOBED NUCLEUS
• PREDOMINANT PHAGOCYTES

WATERY EXUDE WITH FEW PLASMA PROTEINS OR LEUKOCYTES, IN EARLY OR MILD INFLAMMATION

• TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS
• EXPRESSED ON THE SURFACE OF MANY CELLS THAT HAVE DIRECT AND EARLY CONTACT WITH POTENTIAL PATHOGENIC MICRO ORGANISMS
• THEY RECOGNIZE LARGE VARIETY OF PAMPS
• THEY HELP INCREASE LOCAL RESISTANCE TO PATHOGENIC MICRO ORGANISMS
• THEY INCREASE RESPONSE OF LYMPHOCYTES TO FOREIGN ANTIGENS ON PATHOGENS

• TRANSOFRMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA
• STIMULATES FIBROBLASTS ENTERING THE LESION TO SYNTHESIZE AND SECRETE THE COLLAGEN PRECURSOR PROCOLLAGEN

• TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA
• PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE
• SECRETED BY MACROPHAGES IN RESPONSE TO RECOGNITION OF PAMPS BY TLR'S.

• ACTIVE IMMUNITY
• PRODUCED BY INDIVIDUAL AFTER EITHER NATURAL EXPOSURE TO ANTIGEN OR AFTER IMMUNIZATION

• ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
• THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE IN HUMAN BODY
• SLOWER ACTING, SPECIFIC AND VERY LONG LIVED

THE LEVEL OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES

A MOLECULE THAT CAN REACT WITH ANTIBODIES OR ANTIGEN RECEPTORS ON B AND T CELLS

TWO IDENTICAL FRAGMENTS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN(ANTIBODY) WHICH BINDS TO ANTIGEN

• PRIMARY ROLE OF MHC MOLECULES
• FOR EFFECTIVE IR, MOST ANTIGENS MUST BE PROCESSED WITHINT CELLS AND EXPRESSED ON THE SURFACE OF THOSE CELLS IN THIS VERY SPECIFIC MANNER

HIGHLY SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT PROCESS AND PRESENT ANTIGENS

• THEY RECOGNIZE ALMOST ANY FOREIGN ANTIGEN FOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• BONE MARROW

ANTIGEN RECEPTORS ON THE SURFACE OF B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS)

• CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION
• ORIGINALLY USED TO DESCRIBE PROTEINS FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF LYMPHOCYTES
• ACCEPTED FORMAT LABELING A VERY LARGE FAMILY OF PROTEINS FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF MANY CELLS

LYMPHOCYTES WITH RECEPTORS AGAINST SELF ANTIGENS HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED

B CELLS HAVE THE OPTION OF CHANGING THE CLASS OF ANTIBODY TO A SECRETED FORM IGA, IGG, IGE

ANTIGENS SELECTS THOSE LYMPHOCYTES WITH COMPATIBLE RECEPTORS, EXPANDS THEIR POPULATION, AND CAUSES DIFFERENTIATION INTO ANTIBODY-SECRETING PLASMA CELLS OR MATURE T CELLS.

• HYPERVARIABLE REGIONS
• REGION IN THE MOECULAR STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
• REGIONS VARIABILITY IN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE IS LOCALIZED INTO 3 AREAS OF VARIABLE REGIONS

THE THIRD FRAGMENT CRYSTALLIZED WHEN SEPARATED FROM THE Fab PORTIONS

• THE PRECISE PORTION OF THE ANITGEN THAT IS CONFIGURED FOR RECOGNITION AND BINDING
• ALSO CALLED ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT

ANTIGENS TOO SMALL TO BE IMMUNOGENS BY THEMSELVES BUT BECOME IMMUNOGENIC IN COMBINATION WITH LARGER MOLECULES THAT FUNCATION AS CARRIERS FOR HAPTENS

SUB POPULATION OF T CELLS THAT FACILITATE IMMUNE RESPONSES..THEY INTERACT WITH APC'S

• ALSO KNOWN AS HUMAN MHC MOLECULES
• AND USED TO NAME DIFFERENT MHC GENETIC LOCI (TRANSPLANTATION)

• MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
• SET OF RECOGNITION MOLECULES
• PRIMARY ROLE IS ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
• GLYCOPORTEINS FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF ALL HUMAN BLOOD CELLS EXCEPT RED BLOOD CELLS
• TWO GENERAL CLASSES: 1 AND 2

• LONG LIVED, CAPABLE OF REMEMBERING THE ANTIGEN AND RESPONDING MORE RAPIDLY AND EFFICIENTLY ON SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE TO THE SAME ANTIGEN
• ON RE EXPOSURE THEY REPIDLY BECOME NEW PLASMA CELLS OR EFFECTOR T CELLS.

WHEN ANTIBODY INACTIVATE OR BLOCK THE BINDING OF AN ANTIGEN TO A RECEPTOR

ANTIBODY AND C3b MAKE PATHOGEN MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO PHAGOCYTOSIS THROUGH BINDING TO Fc or C3b RECEPTORS ON THE PHAGOCYTES SURFACE

NECESSARY FOR EFFICIENT BACTERIAL CLEARANCE BECAUSE MANY BACTERIA HAVE AN OUTER CAPSULE THAT DETERS RECOGNITION BY PHAGOCYTES UNLESS IT IS COATED WITH AN ANTIBODY OR COMPLEMENT PROTEIN

AN ACTIVATED OR DIFFERNTIATED B CELL (CLONAL SELECTION)

PART OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE

• THEY CAN ACTIVATE A LARGE POPULATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES REGARDLESS OF ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY
• INDUCE EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES-RESULT IN SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION POTENTIALLY SHOCK.
• EX BACTERIAL TOXINS OF STAPH A. STREP. P.