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ALLELE
THE DIFF FORMS OF THE GENES AT A PARTICULAR LOCUS
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CODOMINANCE
WHEN THE HETERO ZYGOTE IS DISTINGUISHABLE FROM BOTH HOMO ZYGOTE
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CONSANGUINITY
MARRIAGE BETWEEN RELATED INDIVIDUALS
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EPIGENETICS
MODIFICATIONS THAT ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF GENES
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EXON
THE SEQUENCES THAT ARE LEFT TO CODE FOR PROTEINS
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EXPRESSIVITY
THE EXTENT OF VARIATION IN PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR GENOTYPE
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GENOMIC IMPRINTING
EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, CHARACTERIZED BY METHYLATION
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HETEROZYGOUS
WHEN THE GENES ARE NOT IDENTICAL
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HOMOLOGOUS
OF THE 22 MEMBERS OF THE 23 PAIRS, TWO MEMBERS OF EACH PAIR ARE IDENTICAL
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INTRON
THE EXCISED SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN
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LOCUS
A POSITION ALONG THE CHROMOSOME EACH GENE OCCUPIES
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MODE OF INHERITANCE
THE PATTERN IN WHICH GENETIC DISEASES ARE INHERITED THROUGH THE GENERATIONS OF A FAMILY
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PENETRANCE
THE PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS WITH A SPECIFIC GENOTYPE WHO ALSO EXHIBITS THE EXPECTED PHENOTYPE
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PHENOTYPE
THE OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL, RESULT OF GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT
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PROBAND
THE ONE INDIVIDUAL IN THE FAMILY WHICH BEGINS THE PEDIGREE
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PROMOTER SITE
A SEQUENCE OF DNA THAT SPECIFIES THE BEGINNING OF A GENE
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RECOMBINATION
THE PROCESS OF FORMING SUCH NEW ARRANGEMENTS OF ALLELES
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SEX-INFLUENCED TRAIT
ONE THAT OCCURS MUCH MORE OFTEN IN ONE SEX THAN IN THE OTHER
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SEX-LIMITED TRAIT
ONE THAT CAN OCCUR IN ONLY ONE OF THE SEXES
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SILENT SUBSTITUTION
BASE PAIR SUBSTITUTION WHERE AMINO ACID DOES NOT CHANGE
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SOMATIC CELL
- ALL CELLS OTHER THAN GAMETES.
- EACH CELL HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES IN NUCLEUS
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TRANSCRIPTION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH RNA IS SYNTHESIZED BY DNA TEMPLATE=FORMS mRNA
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TRANSLATION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH RNA DIRECTS THE SYNTHESIS OF A POLYPEPTIDE. mRNA INTERACTS WITH tRNA TO SPECIFY THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS
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TRANSLOCATION
THE INTERCHANGING OF GENETIC MATERIAL BETWEEN NONHOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
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TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE
THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF ITS PROTEIN PRODUCT IS TO REGULATE THE CELL CYCLE SO THAT CELLS DO NOT GROW UNCONTROLLABLY
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COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR
- FOUND ON MANY CELLS OF THE INNATE AND ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSES
- THEY RECOGNIZE SEVERAL FRAGMENTS PRODUCED THROUGH ACTIVATION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
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CONTRACTURE
A DEFORMITY FROM EXCESSIVE WOUND CONTRACTION
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ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN
FEVER CAUSING CYTOKINE (MADE WITHIN BODY..NOT PATHOGEN PRODUCED)
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EPITHILIALIZATION
- SEALING
- PROCESS BY WHICH EPITHELIAL CELLS GROW INTO THE WOUND FROM SURROUNDING HEALTHY TISSUE
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GRANULOMA
BODIES ATTEMPT TO WALL OFF AND ISOLATE THE INFECTED AREA
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HISTAMINE
A VASOACTIVE AMINE THAT CAUSES TEMPORARY RAPID CONSTRUCTION OF THE LARGE VESSEL WALLS AND DILATION OF THE POSTCAPILLARY VENULES, BOTH OF WHICH RESULT IN INCREASED BLOOD FLOW INTO THE MICROCIRCULATION
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INNATE IMMUNITY
- NATIVE OR NATURAL IMMUNITY
- RAPID, NONSPECIFIC AND SHORTLIVED
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KININ SYSTEM
- THE THIRD PLASMA PROTEIN SYSTEM WHICH AUGMENTS INFLAMMATION IN SEVERAL WAYS
- PRIMARY KININ PRODUCED IS BRADYKININ (DILATES BLOOD VESSELS)
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NATIVE IMMUNITY
INNATE, OR NATURAL IMMUNITY
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NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK CELLS)
- RECOGNITION AND ELIMINATION OF CELLS INFECTED WITH VIRUSES AND CANCER CELLS, AND OTHER ABNORMAL HOSTS
- MORE EFFECTIVE WHEN ENCOUNTERS IN CIRCULATORY VS WITHIN TISSUE
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OPSONIN
MOLECULES THAT TAG MICRO ORGANISMS FOR DESTRUCTION BY CELLS OF THE INFLAMMATORY SYSTEM (MOSTLY NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES)
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PAMP OR PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS
MOLECULAR "PATTERNS" ON INFECTIOUS AGENTS OR THEIR PRODUCTS
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PRR OR PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS
RECOGNIZE MOLECULAR "PATTERNS" ON INFECTIOUS AGENTS OR THEIR PRODUCTS (PAMP) OR PRODUCTS OF CELLULAR DAMAGE OF NECROSIS OR APOPTOSIS
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PMN OR POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHIL
- NEUTROPHILS
- MEMBERS OF THE GRANULOCYTIC SERIES, NAMED FOR ITS CHARACTERITIC STAINING PATTERN OF ITS GRANULES AND MULTILOBED NUCLEUS
- PREDOMINANT PHAGOCYTES
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SEROUS
WATERY EXUDE WITH FEW PLASMA PROTEINS OR LEUKOCYTES, IN EARLY OR MILD INFLAMMATION
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TLR
- TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS
- EXPRESSED ON THE SURFACE OF MANY CELLS THAT HAVE DIRECT AND EARLY CONTACT WITH POTENTIAL PATHOGENIC MICRO ORGANISMS
- THEY RECOGNIZE LARGE VARIETY OF PAMPS
- THEY HELP INCREASE LOCAL RESISTANCE TO PATHOGENIC MICRO ORGANISMS
- THEY INCREASE RESPONSE OF LYMPHOCYTES TO FOREIGN ANTIGENS ON PATHOGENS
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TGF BETA
- TRANSOFRMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA
- STIMULATES FIBROBLASTS ENTERING THE LESION TO SYNTHESIZE AND SECRETE THE COLLAGEN PRECURSOR PROCOLLAGEN
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TNF ALPHA
- TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA
- PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE
- SECRETED BY MACROPHAGES IN RESPONSE TO RECOGNITION OF PAMPS BY TLR'S.
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ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
- ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- PRODUCED BY INDIVIDUAL AFTER EITHER NATURAL EXPOSURE TO ANTIGEN OR AFTER IMMUNIZATION
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ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
- ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
- THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE IN HUMAN BODY
- SLOWER ACTING, SPECIFIC AND VERY LONG LIVED
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ANTIBODY TITER
THE LEVEL OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES
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ANTIGEN
A MOLECULE THAT CAN REACT WITH ANTIBODIES OR ANTIGEN RECEPTORS ON B AND T CELLS
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ANTIGEN-BINDING FRAGMENT (FAB)
TWO IDENTICAL FRAGMENTS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN(ANTIBODY) WHICH BINDS TO ANTIGEN
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ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
- PRIMARY ROLE OF MHC MOLECULES
- FOR EFFECTIVE IR, MOST ANTIGENS MUST BE PROCESSED WITHINT CELLS AND EXPRESSED ON THE SURFACE OF THOSE CELLS IN THIS VERY SPECIFIC MANNER
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ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APC)
HIGHLY SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT PROCESS AND PRESENT ANTIGENS
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B CELL OR B LYMPHOCYTE
- THEY RECOGNIZE ALMOST ANY FOREIGN ANTIGEN FOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- BONE MARROW
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B CELL RECEPTOR (BCR)
ANTIGEN RECEPTORS ON THE SURFACE OF B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS)
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CD
- CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION
- ORIGINALLY USED TO DESCRIBE PROTEINS FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF LYMPHOCYTES
- ACCEPTED FORMAT LABELING A VERY LARGE FAMILY OF PROTEINS FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF MANY CELLS
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CENTRAL TOLERANCE
LYMPHOCYTES WITH RECEPTORS AGAINST SELF ANTIGENS HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED
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CLASS SWITCH
B CELLS HAVE THE OPTION OF CHANGING THE CLASS OF ANTIBODY TO A SECRETED FORM IGA, IGG, IGE
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CLONAL SELECTION
ANTIGENS SELECTS THOSE LYMPHOCYTES WITH COMPATIBLE RECEPTORS, EXPANDS THEIR POPULATION, AND CAUSES DIFFERENTIATION INTO ANTIBODY-SECRETING PLASMA CELLS OR MATURE T CELLS.
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COMPLEMENTARY-DETERMINING REGION (CDR)
- HYPERVARIABLE REGIONS
- REGION IN THE MOECULAR STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- REGIONS VARIABILITY IN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE IS LOCALIZED INTO 3 AREAS OF VARIABLE REGIONS
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CRYSTALLINE FRAGMENT (Fc)
THE THIRD FRAGMENT CRYSTALLIZED WHEN SEPARATED FROM THE Fab PORTIONS
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EPITOPE
- THE PRECISE PORTION OF THE ANITGEN THAT IS CONFIGURED FOR RECOGNITION AND BINDING
- ALSO CALLED ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT
-
HAPTEN
ANTIGENS TOO SMALL TO BE IMMUNOGENS BY THEMSELVES BUT BECOME IMMUNOGENIC IN COMBINATION WITH LARGER MOLECULES THAT FUNCATION AS CARRIERS FOR HAPTENS
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HELPER T CELLS (Th cells)
SUB POPULATION OF T CELLS THAT FACILITATE IMMUNE RESPONSES..THEY INTERACT WITH APC'S
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HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA)
- ALSO KNOWN AS HUMAN MHC MOLECULES
- AND USED TO NAME DIFFERENT MHC GENETIC LOCI (TRANSPLANTATION)
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MHC
- MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
- SET OF RECOGNITION MOLECULES
- PRIMARY ROLE IS ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
- GLYCOPORTEINS FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF ALL HUMAN BLOOD CELLS EXCEPT RED BLOOD CELLS
- TWO GENERAL CLASSES: 1 AND 2
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MEMORY CELL (MEMORY T CELL)
- LONG LIVED, CAPABLE OF REMEMBERING THE ANTIGEN AND RESPONDING MORE RAPIDLY AND EFFICIENTLY ON SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE TO THE SAME ANTIGEN
- ON RE EXPOSURE THEY REPIDLY BECOME NEW PLASMA CELLS OR EFFECTOR T CELLS.
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NEUTRALIZATION
WHEN ANTIBODY INACTIVATE OR BLOCK THE BINDING OF AN ANTIGEN TO A RECEPTOR
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OPSONIN
ANTIBODY AND C3b MAKE PATHOGEN MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO PHAGOCYTOSIS THROUGH BINDING TO Fc or C3b RECEPTORS ON THE PHAGOCYTES SURFACE
-
OPSONIZATION
NECESSARY FOR EFFICIENT BACTERIAL CLEARANCE BECAUSE MANY BACTERIA HAVE AN OUTER CAPSULE THAT DETERS RECOGNITION BY PHAGOCYTES UNLESS IT IS COATED WITH AN ANTIBODY OR COMPLEMENT PROTEIN
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PLASMA CELL
AN ACTIVATED OR DIFFERNTIATED B CELL (CLONAL SELECTION)
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PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE
PART OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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SUPERANTIGEN (SAG)
- THEY CAN ACTIVATE A LARGE POPULATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES REGARDLESS OF ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY
- INDUCE EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES-RESULT IN SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION POTENTIALLY SHOCK.
- EX BACTERIAL TOXINS OF STAPH A. STREP. P.
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