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Macrophages are
large phagocytic cells hat wander through the interstitial fluid and "eat" bacteria and virus-infected cells that they encounter
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Phagocytosis =
the engulfing and destroying of foreign substances by forming a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome
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two human host defenses are?
- innate = non-specific
- acquired = specific
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three lines of defense of body
- 1st = surface protection
- 2nd = cellular and chemical system (immediate is microbe gets past 1st line)
- 3rd = specific defenses (unique for each microbe)
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1st and second line of defense are under which system of immunity
innate/non-specific (your born with this)
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acquired/specific line of defense is what line of defense?
3rd line
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4 innate defenses of the body are
- physical
- chemical
- phagocytic defenses
- inflammatory defenses
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give some examples of innate defenses
- sebaceous glands
- saliva (lysozyme)
- low pH of skin
- wax in ears
- intact skin
- cilia in trachea
- sweat
- mucous
- defecation
- urination
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1st line of defense =
- innate
- skin
- mucous membranes
- chemicals
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2nd line of defense is
- chemical (innate)
- phagocytosis
- complement
- interferon
- inflammation
- fever
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dendrite cells are
cells that live in the dermis and can phagcytize foreign bodies
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what is the function of mucous
microbes become stuck and are washed away
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what are primary sites of infecetions
mucous membranes in resp tract, eyes, GI system
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what is most susceptible site of body for infections
- Respiratory tract
- BREATH THROUGH YOUR NOSE
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what is the ciliary elevator
where cilia beat upward in the respiratory tract
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what are sterile areas in the body
- blood
- empty stomach
- urine
- lymphatics
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what are commensals in human body
normal micorbiota make is difficult for pathogens to compete
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natural killer cells are
not phagocytes they attack cancer cells and virus infected cells by releasing chemicals that promote programmed cell death
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Interferons =
proteins produced by virus-infected cells that help other cells resist viruses
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the complement system =
a group of about 30 different proteins that circulate in an inactive form in th blood and can act together with other defense mechanisms
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histamine =
- what damaged cells release to incite inflammatory response
- IT dilates vessels and makes them leakier allowing plasma and WBC to leak into th area
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where does pus come from
whit blood cells egulfing bacteria and dying in the process
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septic shock =
- an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response
- high fever and low BP
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lymphatic system function =
- involved in innate and acquired immune response
- returns tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fights infection
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lymph =
fluid in the lymph system
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antigen =
any foreign molecuel that elicits an acquired immune response
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antibodies =
immune system proteins that are released in response to antigen rlease
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what is the immune connection cycle
blood - extracellular fluid - reticuloendothelial system - lymphatics - blood
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granulocyte =
- basophil - mold, pollens, allergic reactions
- neutrophil - fight bacterial infections
- eosinophil - worms
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agranulocytes =
- monocytes - (viruses)
- macrophages -
- lymphocyte - (viruses)
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are leukocytes specific or non-specific
non-specific
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are lymphocytes phagocytes
NO
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phagocytes include
- basophil
- nutrophil
- eosinophil
- moncyte
- macrophage
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which leukocyte is associated with t and B cells
lymphocytes
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what leukocyte is most apparent in blood
- Neutrophil then lymphocytes are biggest population in blood
- basophils and eosinophils are lowest
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do bacteria have ways of resisting phagocytosis
Yes they can release various toxins and other mechanisms
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Capsules are a way that bacteria can...
defend themselves from phagocytosis
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MHC allows body to
determine things that are self or non-self
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Listeria moncytogenes is associated with
meningitis
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Shigella is associated with
food poisoning
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Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with
- flesh eating disease
- strep throat
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (what is special about this bacteria compared to all others)
- acid fast bacteria
- causes tuberculosis
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inflammation is
nonspecific response to tissue damage
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kinins casue
vasodilation
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leukotrienes casue
attract blood cells
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prostaglandins do what
release histamine
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MAC =
- membrane attack complex
- pokes holes in membranes of pathogens which causes lysis
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Interferons =
- proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens
- they allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defense of the immune system.
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