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Clones
Genetically identical copy of an organism.
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Chromosome
A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information.
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Sister chromatid
One of two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome.
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Centromere
Constructed region in eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are attached.
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Histone
Type of protein that structurally organizes eukaryotic chromosomes.
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Nucleosome
A length of DNA wound twice around a spool of histone proteins.
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Chromosome number
The sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type.
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Diploid
Having two of each type of chromosome characteristics of the species (2n).
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Karyotype
Image of an individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location.
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Autosome
Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.
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Sex chromosome
Member of a pair of chromosomes that differs between males and females.
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What are chromosomes?
- A chromosome consists of a molecule of DNA that is structurally organized by proteins. the organization allows DNA to pack tightly.
- A eukaryotic cell's DNA is divided among some characteristic number of chromosomes, which differ in length and shape.
- Members of a pair of sex chromosomes differ between male and females. Chromosomes that are the same in males and females are called autosomes.
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Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria.
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What is the molecular basis of inheritance?
DNA is the material of heredity common to all life on earth.
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DNA sequence
order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA.
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What is the structure of DNA?
- A DNA molecule consists two nucleotide chains(strands) running in opposite directions and coiled into a double helix. Internally positioned nucleotide bases hydrogen bond between the two strands. a Pairs with T, and G with C.
- The sequence of bases along a DNA strand is genetic information. DNA sequences vary among species and among individuals this variation is the basis of life's diversity.
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DNA replication
Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides.
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DNA polymerase
DNA replication enzyme. Uses DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.
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Primer
a Short, single strand of DNA that base-pairs with a targeted DNA sequence.
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DNA Ligase
Enzyme that seals gaps in double-stranded DNA.
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Semiconservative replication
Describes the process of DNA replication, which produces two copies of a DNA molecule: one strand of each copy is new, and the other is a strand of original DNA.
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How is DNA copied?
- DNA replication is an energy-intensive process by which a cell copies its chromosomes.
- Each strand of a double helix serves as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand of DNA.
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Mutation
Permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
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What are mutations?
- Permanent changes in s DNA sequence are mutations.
- DNA damage by environmental agents such as UV light ans chemicals can result in mutations, because damaged DNA is not replicated very well.
- Proofreading and repair mechanisms usually maintain the integrity of a cell's genetic information by fixing damaged DNA or correcting misprinted bases.
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Reproductive cloning
Technology that produces genetically identical individuals.
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
Method of reproductive cloning in which genetic material is transferred from one adult somatic cell into am unfertilized, enucleated egg.
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Therapeutic cloning
The use of SCNT to produce human embryos for research purposes.
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