Biology ch 8

Genetically identical copy of an organism.

A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information.

One of two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome.

Constructed region in eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are attached.

Type of protein that structurally organizes eukaryotic chromosomes.

A length of DNA wound twice around a spool of histone proteins.

The sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type.

Having two of each type of chromosome characteristics of the species (2n).

Image of an individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location.

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome.

Member of a pair of chromosomes that differs between males and females.

• A chromosome consists of a molecule of DNA that is structurally organized by proteins. the organization allows DNA to pack tightly.
• A eukaryotic cell's DNA is divided among some characteristic number of chromosomes, which differ in length and shape.
• Members of a pair of sex chromosomes differ between male and females. Chromosomes that are the same in males and females are called autosomes.

Virus that infects bacteria.

DNA is the material of heredity common to all life on earth.

order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA.

• A DNA molecule consists two nucleotide chains(strands) running in opposite directions and coiled into a double helix. Internally positioned nucleotide bases hydrogen bond between the two strands. a Pairs with T, and G with C.
• The sequence of bases along a DNA strand is genetic information. DNA sequences vary among species and among individuals  this variation is the basis of life's diversity.

Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides.

DNA replication enzyme. Uses DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

a Short, single strand of DNA that base-pairs with a targeted DNA sequence.

Enzyme that seals gaps in double-stranded DNA.

Describes the process of DNA replication, which produces two copies of a DNA molecule: one strand of each copy is new, and the other is a strand of original DNA.

• DNA replication is an energy-intensive process by which a cell copies its chromosomes.
• Each strand of a double helix serves as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand of DNA.

Permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

• Permanent changes in s DNA sequence are mutations.
• DNA damage by environmental agents such as UV light ans chemicals can result in mutations, because damaged DNA is not replicated very well.
• Proofreading and repair mechanisms usually maintain the integrity of a cell's genetic information by fixing damaged DNA or correcting misprinted bases.

Technology that produces genetically identical individuals.

Method of reproductive cloning in which genetic material is transferred from one adult somatic cell into am unfertilized, enucleated egg.

The use of SCNT to produce human embryos for research purposes.