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(cross cultural variation)(japaneese education) How is theirs different than ours? (2)
- -early childhood doesnt focus on academics but more of a group involvement
- *learn values of cooperation and sharing
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(preschool as a cognitive intervention) what year did Project head start began?
1965
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(preschool as a cognitive intervention) IN prject head start how many years can they receive? (2)
- 2 years of preschool
- *they also receive other benefits like free meals and health care
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(preschool as a cognitive intervention) Children who participated in project head start are less likely to...
-repeat a grade or;
-be placed in special education
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(preschool as a cognitive intervention) Did high scope have longer effects than project head start?
yes
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(preschool as a cognitive intervention) How long was High scope Preschool project?
full day for 2 year intervention
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(language development) Whats the pace of learning language?
rapid pace
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(language development)(cultural variations) what do Eastern languages learn first?
verbs
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(language development)(cultural variations) what do western languages learn first?
nouns
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(language development) By age 4, how many percent of children use correct grammar?
- 90%
- *Grammar keeps developing
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(pragmatics) What is pragmatics?
the social rules of language
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(pragmatics) How do kids begin understanding pragmatics?
through gestures
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(pragmatics) By age two, kids...
understand some of basic conversation
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(pragmatics) By age 4, kids become...
- more sensitive to partners in conversation
- *using different types of speeches
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(emotional regulation) What is emotional self regulation?
ability to exercise control over ones emotions
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(emotional regulation) Emotional self-regulation AND Social relationships
-Self regulation is important for social relationships because it restrains us from our immediate impulses
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(emotional regulation) Why does extreme emotional expression decline with age? (2)
-development of frontal cortex promotes this process
-children learn strategies to regulate their emotions
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(emotional regulation) What is effortful control?
when children focus their attention on managing their emotions
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(emotional regulation) What is undercontrol? and What can it lead to? (2)
-trait of having inadequate emotional self regulation
- -can lead to externalizing problems
- *aggression
- *common in males
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(emotional regulation) What is overcontrol? and what can it lead to?
-trait of having excessive emotional self regulation
- -it can lead to internalizing problems
- *anixety/depression
- *common in females
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(moral development) Why do sociomoral emotions develop?
due to awareness of expected behavior for the childs culture
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(moral development) Empathy moral development AND importance
empathy is very important for moral development
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(moral development) What does empathy promote? (2)
- -better awareness in perspective taking
- *how others think and feel
- - promotes prosocial behavior
- *helping and generous
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(moral development) How does moral advancement advance further?
when children become more aware of rules and expectations of their culture
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(moral development) What are custom complex?
distinctive cultural pattern of behavior that reflect underlying cultrual beliefs
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(moral development) Moralty can be learned through...
- custom complexes
- *india women when on period, does not cook
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(moral development) What a variation of custom complexes found in american research?
modeling
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(moral development)(modeling) How do children learn how to behave?
by watching which behaviors are rewarded and which are punished
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(gender development) at age 3-4, what happens to gender identity?
- it intensifies
- *they associate themselves with toys, colors, etc.
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(gender development) What do they learn at ages 6-7?
- gender constancy
- *maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change
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(gender development)Role of fathers AND Gender roles
- Fathers are more insistent about gender roles than mothers are
- *monitor girls not acting like guys and boys not acting like girsl
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(gender development) Role of Peers AND gender roles (3)
- Peers reinforce gender appropriate behaviors
- *stricter for boys
- **reject the people that dont abide
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(gender development) What does gender socialization lead to?
gender schemas
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(gender development) What is gender schemas?
- behaviors and activities categorized as male or female
- *we tend to ignore the misfits
- *females being doctors story
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(gender development) What is self-socialization?
is maintaining consistency between behavior and schemas
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(parenting) Authoritative parents
- -high in demandingness and high in responsiveness
- *they can be warm and loving
***ex) parents say No! becasue...
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(parenting) Authoritarian
- -high in demandingness and low in responsiveness
- *shows little emotional attachment and may be hostile
ex) parents say NO! without explanation
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(parenting) Permisive
- low in demandingness and high in responsiveness
- *give as much liberty as possible
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(parenting) Disengaged
- low in both demandingess and responsiveness
- *minimize time parenting
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outcomes in aprenting style) Authoritative (3)
independent, creative, self-assured
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outcomes in aprenting style) PERMISSIVE
irresponsible, confroming, immature
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outcomes in aprenting style) Authoritarian
dependent, passive, conforming
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outcomes in aprenting style) Disengaged
impulsive, behaviro problems, early sex and drugs
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(parenting) Asian cultures- Filial piety
children are expected to respect, obey, and reveree thier parents thoughtout life
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(parenting) Latino culture - Familismo
emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members
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(discipline and punishment) Western culture may empahsize...
authoritative approach including time out
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(discipline and punishment) Japanese emphasizes..
- withdrawal of love and shame
- *makes child not want to disobey again
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(physical punishment and its consequences) Is corporal punishment (physical punishment) common?
it is in most parts of the world
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(discipline and punishment) Has there been studies that show effects on physical punishment?
- yes, they showed detrimental effects on child.
- *also depends on the culture
- **balcks and white families
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(child abuse and neglect) Physical abuse
physical harm
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(child abuse and neglect) EMotional abuse
ridicule and humiliation
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(child abuse and neglect) Sexual abuse
sexual contact
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(child abuse and neglect) Neglect abuse
do not meet basic needs of child
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(child abuse and neglect) What are 2 risk factors for children being abused?
-difficult temperament
-unusually aggresive
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(child abuse and neglect)4 Parental risk factors for commiting abuse
-poverty
-unempoyed
-single motherhood
-history of abuse
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