is the process by which red blood cells are produced
How long does it take erythrocytes to Develop from stem cells?
B. 7 days
What stimulates the production of RBC's? What is/are the organ/s in involved?
Stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation detected by the kidneys.
What happens in response to low circulation of O2 in the blood?
kidneys secrete a hormone erythropoietin. This activates increased erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. Producing more RBC's.
Where is Erythropoietin produced?
F. The liver and kidneys produce erythropoietin but it is only secreted by the kidney.
What helps to regulate erythropoietin to prevent the bone marrow from making too many RBC's
Feed back loop involving erythropoietin.
How does circulating erytropoietin work to stimulate the production of new RBC's
After being released from the kidneys it binds to circulating RBC's. A low number of RBC's to bind with creates a high level of unbound erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to make more RBC's.
As a result of not containing mitochondria, erythrocytes use none of the oxygen they transport. What do erythrocytes produce instead and how?
ATP by lactic acid fermentation of glucose.
What makes Erythrocytes incapable of cellular division?
The lack of DNA.
Mature RBC’s do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA, and consequently cannot divide and have limited repair capabilities.
How long do RBC's live in blood circulation?
100-120 days.
List some possible Etiologies of False Readings of RBC?
Supine phlebotomy - Decreased RBC count by 5%
Dehydration - hemoconcentration - increase [RBC]
Pregnancy - dilutional anemia (RBC’s appear low)
Stress - raises RBC count
Altitude - Decreased O2 causes RBC to rise
Which of the following conditions does not cause Erythrocytosis
Bonus: name one more condition of Erythrocytosis.
D. Addison's dz is an anemia
Another cause would be High Altitude
The following are causes of anemic with the Exception of which one.
Bonus: name more conditions that may cause anemia.
the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells?
HCT
Matching:
1. Hgb is the main component of Erythrocytes made of__
2. Hgb is composed of amino acids that form__
3. Heme is a compound which contains __
4. Each Hgb has 4 globin chains __
a. Globin and Heme
b. protein called globin
c. iron and porphyrin ring.
d. alpha and beta
a b c d
What part(s) of Hgb has a heme / iron binding site.
The 2 alpha and 2 beata chains of globin.
Combines readily with O2 and gives blood its red color.
It is the iron that,
How many binding sites are on 3 RBC's total?
12
four on each RBC
How much of the total cell volume is taken up by Hgb?
Hemoglobin comprises about a third of the total cell volume.
This protein is responsible for the transport of more than 98% of the oxygen? What is carries the other 2%?
Hgb
it is dissolved in blood plasma.
How much Iron is stored in each RBC? How much of the total Iron stored in the human body is done by RBC's?
Each RBC stores 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body
Hgb also serves as an important buffer in blood? T/F
True
At a ___ pH, more O2 dissociates from Hgb. What happens as a result?
Lower
The deoxygenated Hgb binds to hydrogen ion, thereby raising the pH.
Which of the follow increase Hgb and which ones decrease Hgb?
Anemia
Fe deficiency
Hemorrhage
Liver Disease
Renal Disease
Hemolysis
PCV
CHF
COPD
Decreased levels of Hgb
Anemia
Fe deficiency
Hemorrhage
Liver Disease
Renal Disease
Hemolysis
Increased levels
PCV
CHF
COPD
What is the best method to classify anemia?
MCV
What do you call the vl occupied by a single erythrocyte.
Range and Formula?
Mean Corpuscular volume (80-100)
MCV = HCT x 10 / RBC
The most prevalent worldwide cause of anemia.
Iron Deficiency
What are the major causes of Iron Deficiency?
dietary inadequacy (more so kids)
infections (#1 worldwide, Hookworm)
iron/ blood loss (#1 cause in USA, menses)
GI blood loss, non menses ptn (colon CA until proven otherwise)
increased iron requirements
malabsorption
Confirm Iron deficiency –
Decreased serum iron and ferritin but Increased TIBC (total iron binding capacity)
Ineffective erythropoiesis due to disorder of the porphyrin pathway.
Sideroblastic anemia
Atypical, abnormal nucleated erythroblasts with granules of iron accumulated in perinuclear mitochondria.
Sidoblasts
_____is a disease in which the bone marrow produces Ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Sideroblastic anemia / Sideroachrestic anemia
Causes of Sideroblastic anemia / Sideroachrestic anemia
Genetic disorder
Indirectly as part of myelodysplastic syndrome
chronic alcoholism
drugs (inh)
lead and zinc poisoning.
What would the labs reveal in comparison to Iron deficiency.
labs reveal: Increased Iron and Ferritin, Normal or Increased TIBC.
Lead poisoning SSx include:
Anemia
Encephalopathy
seizures
ataxia
wrist/ foot drops
renal tubular acidosis
BURTON’s lines (blue gray discoloration of gums)
BASOPHILIC STIPPLING OF RED CELLS (blue dots in RBC’s) - Peripheral smear
is an inherited autosomal recessive blood disease. results in reduced rate of synthesis or no synthesis of one of the globin chains that make up hemoglobin.
Thalassemia
What are Microcytic Anemias and give examples?
MCV is low:
Iron Deficiency
Sideroblastic anemia
Thalassemia
Lead poisoning
What are Normocytic Anemias and give examples?
Anemia with good bone marrow response.
- Hemolytic anemia
- Hemorrhagic anemia
Anemia with impaired bone marrow response.
- Kidney and liver disease
- Malnutrition
- Anemia of chronic disease
What is Macrocytic/Megaloblastic Anemia and give some examples.
Results from decreased DNA synthesis with normal RNA/protein synthesis.