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anemia
a condition marked by deficincy of red blood cells (RBCs)
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artifacts
structures or features not normally present but visible as a result of an exteranl agent or action a microscopic specimen after fixation or in a radiographic image
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centrifuge
an apparatus that spins about a central axis to separate contained materials of different specific gravities or separate colloidal particles suspended in a liquid
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enzymes
complex proteins produced by cells that acts as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
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polycythemia vera
a condition marked by an abnormally large number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulatory system
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type and cross-match
tests performed to assess the compatibility of blood to be transfused
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urea
the major nitrogenous end-product of protein metabolism and the chief nitrogenous component of urine
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the average body holds ___ to ___ pints of blood
10 to 12
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the heart circulates the blood through the circulatory system more than ___ times every day
1000
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_____ miles of passageways most of which are narrower than a human hair carry blood throughout the body
70,000 miles of passageways
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blood is contained in a closed system of vessels the largest is the _____ and the smallest are the ______
- largest aorta
- smallest capillaries
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body replaces 8 million ___ ___ ___ cells
old red blood cells
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CBC / complete blood count is the
laboratory procedure most frequently ordered for blood specimens.
- 7 tests are done in a complete blood count
- RBC count
- WBC count
- hemoglobin
- hematocrit
- differential wbc count
- platelet numbers
- red cell indices
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whole blood is composed of formed elements suspended in a clear , yellow , liquid portion called
plasma
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plasmas makes up approximately ___ % of blood by volume the remaining ___ % consist of formed elements
plasma 55%
formed elements 45%
formed elements are: erthrocytes (RBCs) leukocytes (WBC) and thrombocytes (platelets)
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red blood cells are formed in the
red bone marrow of the ribs , sternum , pelvis skull , and in the ends of long bones in adults
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erythrocytes transports
oxygen form the lungs to the body cells and carry carbon dioxide away from cells back to the lungs to be exhaled
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the main constituent is the red pigment hemoglobin which is compsoed of
iron and protein
hemoglobin carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide throughout the body
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Leukocytes WBCs main function is to
protect the body against infection and disease.
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granular leukocytes are
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
these are polymorphonuclear leukocytes which are characterized by their heavily granulated cytoplasm and segmented nuclei
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agranular leukocytes are
both have clear cytoplasm and a solid necleus
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phagocytic leukocytes are
granular they engulf invading bacteria and viruses
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leukocytes that produce antibodies are
agranular classified as T cells or B cells
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cytotoxic Killer T cell
kill foreign virus-infected and tumor cells
Killer T cell produce proteins called perforans
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Helper T cells
are the numerous
they stimulate the activity of other T cells
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suppressor T cells
inhibits the activity of other T cells
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memory T cells
have a long life span respond quickly to presentation of the same antigen at a later date
vacination
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natural killer T cells
kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without previous sensitization
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B cells are formed in
bone marrow and then migrate to other lymph organs where they multiply and reside
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when B cells are stimulated
B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies to an antigen
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activation of the complement system leads to the lysis of microorganisms or their phagocytosis by
neutrophils
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antibodies are protein molecules that attach to
antigens
- antigen processing
- lymphocyte
- antibody production
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thrombocytes: platelet fragments which are not
true cells but fragments of megakaryocytes they are the smallest formed elements of blood
stop bleeding
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megakaryocyte are
large cells in the bone marrow
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hemohilia is
- a bleeding disorder a mutation in one of the clotting factor gene
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- it is hereditary
affects males of all races and ethnic groups
on the X chromosome inherited from the mother
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when plasma proteins and other components are used up during the clotting process the remaining liquid is called
serum
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for most hematology test an adequate blood sample can be obtained from
capillaries by finger puncture
if larger sample is required blood can be obtained from a vein by venipuncture
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For a CBC complete blood count
venous blood is collected in a tube containing an anticoagulant the prevents clotting.
EDTA- ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid is the anticoagulant of choice for hematology testing. It is important to prevent blood from being hemolyzed during collection for hematology testing
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Hematocrit
is a measurement of the percentage of packed RBC in a volume of blood
hematocrit test for anemia or the presence of bleeding in a patient
- low RBC is anemia
- NOT CLIA-waived test this test is done by physicians
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after centifugation RBC are
RBCs are at the bottom of the tube
WBCs and platelets are in the center
plasma is on top
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hematocrit reference values in adult men and women
women 36-45
men 42-52
high values may be caused by dehydration or a condtion called polycythemia vera
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hemoglobin measure the
oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
YES CLIA waived
use a hemoCue machine plastic cuvettes , sodium nitrite , sodium deoxycholate lyses the erythrocytes . form methemoglobin
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hemoglobin and hematocrit test often are performed together and are referred to
H&H
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red blood cell function is to
transport oxygent to tissues
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white blood cell count is performed to help
the physician determine whether an infection is present or to aid in the diagnosis of leukemia
- normal WBC count varies with age.
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- average adult 4,000 to 11,000 cells/mm
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Hemoglobin Reference values
female 12-16
male 15-17
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an increase in the number of normal WBCs is a condition called _____
an decrease in the number of normal WBCs is a condition called _____
leukocytosis (increase)
leukopenia (decrease)
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red cells indices
provide information about red blood cells disorders anemia and cause of anemia
- MCV: mean corpuscular volume(range)
- MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin (weight)
- MCHC: concentration or content (cell size)
- RDW: red cell distribution width (cell size)
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Differential cell count diff
analyze and quantitate the types of WBCs found in a sample of blood
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blood smear
30 to 35 degrees angle
dry with thick end(heel) down
dont blow and cause artifacts
write name on frosted end with pencil or marker
staining: polychromatic
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