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What are 2 major micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals
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What are Vitamins?
2 main Functions?
2 main categories?
Organic Substances (carbon)
coenymes and help absorb other nutrients
water/fat soluble
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What are minerals?
Functions?
inorganic substances (w/o carbon)
- Fluid balance (na+)
- muscle contraction (K+)
- allows nerve impulses to conduct
- bone & teeth growth (Ca+)
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Example of Vitamins and Minerals?
- Vitamins:
- Water soluble: Thiamin, Riboflavin, folic acid, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, C, Niacin
- Fat soluble: A, E, D, K
- Minerals: Calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur
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Procesed foods Vs. whole foods
Processed: micronutrients removed
- Whole: not much processed
- better for healthy diet
- contain vitamins & minerals & antioxidants
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What are antioxidants? Where are they found and function?
- Present in whole foods
- protect celss from damage caused by free radicals
- thought to have a role in disease prevention
- Examples: Beta-carotene, lutein, lytopene, selenium, vitamins A,B,C
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Harvard School or Public Health food plate
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Why does the body need food?
ENERGY
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Why is energy necessary?
For the body to function
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What is the general pathway for food to travel?
- 1) Mouth
- 2) Esophogas
- 3) Stomach
- 4) small intestine
- 5) larger intestine
- 6) anus
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Mouth
- Uses salive to breakdwon food
- breaksdown enzymes into carbohydrates
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Esophogas
Moves products to stomach
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Stomach
Gastric juices breakdown food
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Small intestines
- bile, most digestion takes place here
- especially fats, nutrients abosrbed here
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Large intestine
- waters absorbed, vitamins absorbed
- Indigestibale material compacted and stored
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How do nutrients get to cells?
- absorbption takes place in the small intestine
- Transported by bloodstream
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What is cellular respiration?
Process of converting nutrients + oxygen into C02, H20 and ATP
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What Organelle does cellular respiration take place in?
Mitochondria
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The following biological molecules metabolize into what? and whats the order?
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fat
- Protein: Amino acids, broken down after carb and fats (3rd)
- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, broken down and used for ATP (1st)
- Fats: glycerol and fatty acids, broken down for ATP after carbs (2nd)
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- 1. Base tube
- 2. nosepiece
- 3. Objective lens
- 4.
- 5.
- 6. stage clips
- 7. Iris Diaphram
- 8. Light source
- 9. eyepiece
- 10. arm
- 11.stage
- 12. course focus
- 13. Fine focus
- 14. Base
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- Answers descending from L-R
- Cell membrane
- lysosomes
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- nuclear membrane
- vacuole
- mitochondria
- cytoplasm
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
- Ribosomes
- golgi body
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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryote: lack membrane, small, simple structure
Eukaryote: Membrane w/ nucleus, organelles and complex structure
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Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer forms selectively permeable membrane.
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Cytoplasm
The fluid that is inside the cell
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nucleus
- contains DNA
- contains nucleolus
- Surrounded by envelope, nucleor pores
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ribosomes
Protein manufacturers
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Endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough ER: Ribosomes on it, synthesizes proteins
- Smooth ER: no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids
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Golgi Aparatus
- modifies proteins
- packaged in vesicles
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Lysosomes
Digest and recycle molecules and destroy damaged organelles
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cytoskeleton
- used for movement (cilia)
- used for shape
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mitochondria
- releases ATP for food
- Where cellular respiration takes place
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chloroplast
uses light energy to synthesize carbs (plant cell only)
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cell wall
- provides structure and support
- plant cell only
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central vacuole
- stores water and gives shape
- plant cell only
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Differences in plant and animal cells
- Plant: chloroplasts, cell wall of cellulose, central vacuole
- Animal: lysosomes
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What is the Fluid mosaic model?
the proteins on the membrane are moving around
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Phospholipid bilayer
a double layer of phospholipid molecules whose " hydrophilic" heads are facing outwards, and it's "hydrophobic" tails face inwards.
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phospholipid
- head is a glycerol, hydrophilic,
- tails are fatty acids, hydrophobic
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what does selectively permeable mean?
that some things are allowed to croos the membrane, while others cannot
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What is diffusion?
- It's random
- It's Passive (no energy requited)
- Moves from Hi to Low concentration
- Eventually reaches equilibrium
- With or W/o a membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion?
- Movement through the membrane via protein passages
- passive
- moves from Hi to Low
- reaches equilibrium
- With a membrane
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What is Osmosis?
- movement of water down its concentration gradient across a membrane.
- high to low
- with a membrane
- passive
- with or w/o protein passages
- reaches equilibrium
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Isotonic solution?
Consequences?
solutes are the smae inside as they are outside the cell.
none
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Hypertonic solution?
Consequences?
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concentration of solutes is greater outside V. inside, water leaves the cell and the cell shrinks.
- W/ Cell wall: called plasmolysis
- W/O cell wall: called crenation
- "cells placed in hypertonic solution lose water"
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Hypotonic Solution?
Consequences?
- If solutes are greater inside V. Outside
- H20 enters the cell, could cause it to burst (if no cell wall)
- Has a cell membrance could increase turger pressure
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ACtive transport?
- Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient (low to Hi)
- With a membrane
- Requires energy
- use of proteins called gated channels or ports
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Bulk transport?
- Delivery of fluid or larger particles inside the cell
- Requires energy and membrane
- 2 different types
- Exocytosis, endocytosis
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Endocytosis
- move stuff into the cell
- 3 different types
- a. Phagocytosis: large particles
- b. Pinocytosis: liquids
- c. Receptor mediated endocytosis: specific things brought in via receptors in membrane
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Exocytosis
Moves stuff out of cell
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Metabolic Rate
- Measures a persons energy use
- different times or day require different amounts of energy
- for example: sleeping requires less than exercising
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Basal metabolic rate
what effects it?
- Resting energy use (awake, alert, no activity)
- things that effect a persons BMR:
- 1. Genetics
- 2. muscle mass
- 3. body weight
- 4. age
- 5. gender
- 6. thyroid function
- 7. nutritional status/diet
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How many calories should you consume a day?
- X wt you want to be by 11.
- + calories burned during exercise
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How can you lose weight
- Reduce caloric intake
- exercise
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How can you gain weight?
Increase calories and still exercise
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How much body fat?
- Women: 12-32% (22% avg)
- Men: 3-29% (24% avg)
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BMI
- Body mass index
- calculating using height and weight
- determines body fat and its associated health risks
- Healthy range (20-25)
- If not in range might have halth problems.
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Problems with BMI
- Desnt account for age, gender and body frame
- 1/4 misclassified
- can't tell difference between body fat and lean muscle mass
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Obesity
- BMI > 30
- Health risks: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, joint problems and cancers.
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Diabetes:
- Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
- either not enough insulin, or body not responding to it properly
- level of glucose in blood rises
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Insulin
Secreted by pancreas; to trigger cells to use glucose for energy
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Type II diabetes
- Body doesn't produce enough insulin or body resistant to insulin
- adult onset diabetes (no longer true)
- Obesity--> lack exercise
- often fixed w/ diet and exercise
- sometimes injections
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Diabetes statistics
- 25.8M people in US w/ Diabetes (8.3%)
- 80% ppl with Type II are obese
- #7 leading cause of death
- accounts for 11% of health care costs
- $174 billion total cost
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Hypertension
- Fat cells require O2 + other nutrients
- as fat cells increase, so does the need for O2
- Increased blood necessary to be pumped to fat cells
- heart must work harder to keep blood volume high
- puts more pressure on the blood pressure walls
- Obesity leads to high HR, which increases BP
- obesity puts stress on heart to work too hard, 6X more likely to have a MI
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Heart attack
- high BP damages lining of vessels
- Cholesterol gets deposited
- a. leads to artheriosclerosis
- b. artery walls get narrow
- Reduced blood flow leads to chest pain and a possible heart attack
- Heart is a muscle, no oxyen and it can die
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Stroke
- fat deposits cause artery walls in brain to narrow
- Reduced blood flow causes a stroke
- brain w/o O2 can die
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CVD statistics
- #1 killer in US
- 25% ppl in Us die from CVD each year
- 36% ppl have CVD
- overweight individuals at higher risk, 1.5-2.4% more likely, due to lack of exercise
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