bio 110

Vitamins and minerals

Organic Substances (carbon)

coenymes and help absorb other nutrients

water/fat soluble

inorganic substances (w/o carbon)

• Fluid balance (na+)
• muscle contraction (K+)
• allows nerve impulses to conduct
• bone & teeth growth (Ca+)

• Vitamins: 
•   Water soluble: Thiamin, Riboflavin, folic acid, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, C, Niacin
•    Fat soluble: A, E, D, K
• Minerals: Calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

Processed: micronutrients removed

• Whole: not much processed
•   better for healthy diet
•   contain vitamins & minerals & antioxidants

• Present in whole foods
• protect celss from damage caused by free radicals
• thought to have a role in disease prevention
• Examples: Beta-carotene, lutein, lytopene, selenium, vitamins A,B,C

ENERGY

For the body to function

• 1) Mouth
• 2) Esophogas
• 3) Stomach
• 4) small intestine
• 5) larger intestine
• 6) anus

• Uses salive to breakdwon food
• breaksdown enzymes into carbohydrates

Moves products to stomach

Gastric juices breakdown food

• bile, most digestion takes place here
• especially fats, nutrients abosrbed here

Eliminates wastes

• waters absorbed, vitamins absorbed
• Indigestibale material compacted and stored

• absorbption takes place in the small intestine
• Transported by bloodstream

Process of converting nutrients + oxygen into C0_2, H₂0 and ATP

Mitochondria

•  Protein: Amino acids, broken down after carb and fats (3rd)
•  Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, broken down and used for ATP (1st)
•  Fats: glycerol and fatty acids, broken down for ATP after carbs (2nd)

• 1. Base tube
• 2. nosepiece
• 3. Objective lens
• 4.
• 5.
• 6. stage clips
• 7. Iris Diaphram
• 8. Light source
• 9. eyepiece
• 10. arm
• 11.stage
• 12. course focus
• 13. Fine focus
• 14. Base

• Answers descending from L-R
• Cell membrane
• lysosomes
• nucleus
• nucleolus
• nuclear membrane
• vacuole
• mitochondria
• cytoplasm
• Rough ER
• Smooth ER
• Ribosomes
• golgi body

Prokaryote: lack membrane, small, simple structure

Eukaryote: Membrane w/ nucleus, organelles and complex structure

Phospholipid bilayer forms selectively permeable membrane.

The fluid that is inside the cell

• contains DNA
• contains nucleolus
• Surrounded by envelope, nucleor pores

Protein manufacturers

•  Rough ER: Ribosomes on it, synthesizes proteins
•  Smooth ER: no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids

• modifies proteins
• packaged in vesicles

Digest and recycle molecules and destroy damaged organelles

• used for movement (cilia)
• used for shape

• releases ATP for food
• Where cellular respiration takes place

uses light energy to synthesize carbs (plant cell only)

• provides structure and support
• plant cell only

• stores water and gives shape
• plant cell only

•  Plant: chloroplasts, cell wall of cellulose, central vacuole
•  Animal: lysosomes

the proteins on the membrane are moving around

a double layer of phospholipid molecules whose " hydrophilic" heads are facing outwards, and it's "hydrophobic" tails face inwards. 

• head is a glycerol, hydrophilic,
• tails are fatty acids, hydrophobic

that some things are allowed to croos the membrane, while others cannot

•  It's random
•  It's Passive (no energy requited)
•  Moves from Hi to Low concentration
•  Eventually reaches equilibrium
•  With or W/o a membrane

•  Movement through the membrane via protein passages
•  passive
•  moves from Hi to Low
•  reaches equilibrium
•  With a membrane

• movement of water down its concentration gradient across a membrane. 
•  high to low
•  with a membrane
•  passive
•  with or w/o protein passages
•  reaches equilibrium

solutes are the smae inside as they are outside the cell. 

none

•  W/ Cell wall: called plasmolysis
•  W/O cell wall: called crenation
• "cells placed in hypertonic solution lose water"

• If solutes are greater inside V. Outside
• H20 enters the cell, could cause it to burst (if no cell wall)
• Has a cell membrance could increase turger pressure

• Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient (low to Hi)
• With a membrane
• Requires energy
• use of proteins called gated channels or ports

• Delivery of fluid or larger particles inside the cell
• Requires energy and membrane
• 2 different types
• Exocytosis, endocytosis

• move stuff into the cell
• 3 different types
• a. Phagocytosis: large particles
• b. Pinocytosis: liquids
• c. Receptor mediated endocytosis: specific things brought in via receptors in membrane

Moves stuff out of cell

• Measures a persons energy use
• different times or day require different amounts of energy
• for example: sleeping requires less than exercising

• Resting energy use (awake, alert, no activity)
• things that effect a persons BMR:
• 1. Genetics
• 2. muscle mass
• 3. body weight
• 4. age
• 5. gender
• 6. thyroid function
• 7. nutritional status/diet

• X wt you want to be by 11. 
• + calories burned during exercise

• Reduce caloric intake
• exercise

Increase calories and still exercise

• Women: 12-32% (22% avg)
• Men: 3-29% (24% avg)

• Body mass index
• calculating using height and weight
• determines body fat and its associated health risks
• Healthy range (20-25)
• If not in range might have halth problems.

• Desnt account for age, gender and body frame
• 1/4 misclassified
• can't tell difference between body fat and lean muscle mass

• BMI > 30
• Health risks: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, joint problems and cancers.

• Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
• either not enough insulin, or body not responding to it properly
• level of glucose in blood rises

Secreted by pancreas; to trigger cells to use glucose for energy

• Body doesn't produce enough insulin or body resistant to insulin
• adult onset diabetes (no longer true)
• Obesity--> lack exercise
• often fixed w/ diet and exercise
• sometimes injections

• 25.8M people in US w/ Diabetes (8.3%)
• 80% ppl with Type II are obese
• #7 leading cause of death
• accounts for 11% of health care costs
• $174 billion total cost

• Fat cells require O₂ + other nutrients
• as fat cells increase, so does the need for O₂
• Increased blood necessary to be pumped to fat cells
• heart must work harder to keep blood volume high
• puts more pressure on the blood pressure walls
• Obesity leads to high HR, which increases BP
• obesity puts stress on heart to work too hard, 6X more likely to have a MI

• high BP damages lining of vessels
• Cholesterol gets deposited
• a. leads to artheriosclerosis
• b. artery walls get narrow
• Reduced blood flow leads to chest pain and a possible heart attack
• Heart is a muscle, no oxyen and it can die

• fat deposits cause artery walls in brain to narrow
• Reduced blood flow causes a stroke
• brain w/o O₂ can die

• #1 killer in US
• 25% ppl in Us die from CVD each year
• 36% ppl have CVD
• overweight individuals at higher risk, 1.5-2.4% more likely, due to lack of exercise